Another important mechanism is hyperosmolarity, which is where there is an increased extracellular osmolarity, relative to the intracellular space.

另一个重要机制是高渗透压，即相对于细胞，细胞外渗透压增高。

Having more intracellular potassium and also having more potassium channels promotes potassium secretion.

细胞钾离子浓度增高和钾通道数量的增加，促进了钾离子的分泌。

High levels of intracellular calcium causes cells to die.

细胞高浓度的钙离子会使细胞死亡。

Once inside the cell, the virus enters the intracellular state where the capsid is removed and the virus becomes active.

一旦进入细胞，病毒就进入细胞状态，它们脱去衣壳，得活跃。

Now, the vast majority, around 98%, of all of the body's potassium is intracellular, or inside of the cells.

体绝大多数的钾，大约98%，是细胞钾，即这些钾位于细胞。

And we also saw a decrease in intracellular ATP.

我们还发现细胞 ATP 减少。

Different organisms have different anti-desiccation strategies to protect their intracellular bits.

不同的生物体有不同的策略来保护它们的细胞位。

This protein in turn leads to an overproduction of the intracellular secondary messenger protein, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, or simply cAMP.

然后此蛋白再过度激活一种叫做cAMP的细胞第二信使。

Cell death might be related to excitotoxicity – which is excessive signaling of these neurons, which leads to high intracellular calcium.

神经元细胞死亡可能与兴奋性毒性有关，即这些神经元细胞接受过度信号传递，引起细胞钙离子浓度升高。

Poor intake or intracellular shift alone rarely causes the disease, but may be a contributing factor.

仅摄入量不足或细胞转移很少引起疾病，但可能是一种促成因素。

So without ATP, there is an increase in intracellular sodium levels, which caused water to move into the cells, causing intercellular edema.

所以在ATP缺乏时，细胞钠含量升高，从而使水进入细胞，导致细胞水肿。

If hypoxia lasts too long, intracellular edema can lead to cell membrane rupture, causing proteins to leak out into the extracellular space.

如果缺氧时间过长，细胞水肿会造成细胞膜破裂，导致蛋白质外漏到细胞外。

Now, total body potassium can essentially be split into two components— intracellular and extracellular potassium, or potassium inside and outside cells, respectively.

体钾的总量本质上可以分为两个部分：细胞钾和细胞外钾，即分别分布在细胞外的钾。

For that reason, cells end up using a ton of energy just to keep their intracellular calcium levels low.

所以，细胞平常需使用巨大的能量，只为将细胞的钙离子浓度维持在低水平。

The vast majority, around 98%, of all of the body's potassium is intracellular, or inside of the cells.

实际上，98%的体钾为细胞钾。

This leads to a fall in intracellular calcium levels causing the smooth muscles to relax, and allowing the cavernosal spaces to expand and fill with blood.

这导致细胞钙水平下降引起平滑肌放松，并允许海绵体间隙扩张及充满血液。

In normal circumstances, more than ninety percent of the total body potassium is intracellular, the remaining is in the extracellular fluid and blood plasma.

正常情况下，全身90%以上的钾位于细胞钾，其余的位于细胞外液和血浆。

NK cells are large lymphocytes with granules and they target cells infected with intracellular organisms, like viruses, as well as cells that pose a threat like cancer cells.

NK细胞是有颗粒的大淋巴细胞，它们靶向被细胞病原体（如病毒）感染的细胞，还有像癌细胞这样构成威胁的细胞。

As the pumps collectively move more sodium into the blood under the influence of aldosterone, more potassium gets pumped into the cell, which raises the intracellular potassium concentration.

在醛固酮的作用下，离子泵使得更多的钠离子进入血中，更多的钾离子进入细胞中，提升细胞钾离子浓度。

In addition, most of the intracellular calcium is stored within organelles like the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and is released selectively just when it's needed.

另外，大多数的细胞钙储存在细胞器中，比如线粒体、光面质网，当需要的时候，它们会被选择性地释放。