Trevor was a good man, helped me with my dissertation on sexual deviance in the baroque period.

特雷弗是个好人，当初还帮我写巴洛克时代异常性取向论文。

Way back in episode 5, we touched on Emile Durkheim’s structural-functionalist approach to deviance.

回到第 5 集中，我们谈到了埃米尔·杜尔凯姆 (Emile Durkheim) 结构功能主义方法来解决越轨问题。

First, he said, deviance helps define cultural values and norms.

首先，说，偏差有助于定义文化价值观和规范。

And this tactic of pointing to the supposed empirical wrongness or deviance of homosexuals—oh, man, did it work.

这种针对同性恋者所谓经验错误或偏差策略——哦，伙计，它有效吗？

He also argued that society's response to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.

还认，社对越轨行应澄清了道德界限。

His basic insight was that, since deviance is found in every society, it must serve some function.

基本见解是，由于在每个社中都存在偏差，因此它必须发挥某种作用。

And finally, Durkheim pointed out that deviance can actually encourage social change.

最后，涂尔干指出越轨实际上可以鼓励社变革。

Now, while deviance might be necessary, some societies can have more or less of it than others.

现在，虽然偏差可能是必要，但有些社可能比其社有更多或更少偏差。

So they see deviance as a matter of improper or failed socialization.

因此，们将越轨视社化不当或失败问题。

For example, the earliest attempts at scientific explanations for deviance, and crime in particular, are biologically essentialist explanations.

例如，对越轨，尤其是犯罪科解释最早尝试是生物本质主义解释。

They point out that social status impacts how deviance is punished.

们指出，社地位影响对越轨行惩罚方式。

This is an example of primary, or minor, deviance.

这是主要或次要偏差示例。

So the structural functionalist perspective on deviance provides some useful ways of thinking about how deviance works on a macro scale.

因此，关于偏差结构功能主义观点提供了一些有用方法来思考偏差如何在宏观尺度上起作用。

Merton argued that the amount of deviance in a society depends on whether that society has provided sufficient means to achieve culturally defined goals.

默顿认，一个社偏离程度取决于该社是否提供了足够手段来实现文化定义目标。

Differential association, for example, argues that who you associate with makes deviance more or less likely.

例如，差异联想认，与你交往人或多或少导致越轨行。

There are a couple other symbolic interactionist approaches to deviance that don’t focus on the power of labels.

还有其一些符号互动主义越轨方法并不关注标签力量。

All of these symbolic interactionist approaches highlight the interpersonal responses to deviance.

所有这些符号互动主义方法都强调了对偏差人际应。

But if the teacher responds more strongly, and punishes her, then that same infraction of the rules can escalate into secondary deviance.

但如果老师应更强烈，并惩罚她，那么同样违规行可能升级次级越轨行。

But a Conflict Theory approach links deviance to social power.

但是冲突理论方法将偏差与社权力联系起来。

In the more serious instances of deviance – like, school shootings, for example – you see people uniting around that moral boundary that’s been breached, and supporting each other.

在更严重越轨事件中——例如，校园枪击事件——你看到人们围绕着被打破道德界限团结起来， 并互相支持。