They spread into many ecological niches and replaced the gymnosperms.

它们扩散到态位并 取代了裸子物。

But the gymnosperms haven’t been totally abandoned by their pollinators.

但裸子物并没有 被它们的传粉者完全抛弃。

So, why was this butterfly-lookalike visiting a gymnosperm 165 million years ago?

那么，为什么这只长得蝴蝶的人会 在 1.65 亿年前造访裸子物呢？

The sweet pollen drops of some modern gymnosperms still attract pollinating flies and moths.

一些现代裸子物的甜花粉滴 仍然吸引授粉的苍蝇和飞蛾。

The pollen it picked up was from a gymnosperm – the group that includes pines, cycads, and ginkgoes.

它采集的花粉来自裸子物——包括松树、苏铁和银杏在内的物群。

But, for most of the history of land plants, gymnosperms were dominant.

但是，在陆地物的大部分历史中， 裸子物占主导地位。

The lacewing fossilized with pollen on its mouthparts shows how pollination began between ancient groups of insects and gymnosperm plants.

口器上带有花粉的草蛉化石表明，古代昆虫群体和裸子物之间的授粉是如何开始的。

Gymnosperms don't make nectar, but they do make nutritious pollination drops that are used for trapping airborne pollen.

裸子物产花蜜，但它们确实产有营养的授粉滴，用于捕获空气中的花粉。

These specialized structures of early gymnosperms weren't big cones like you'd see on a pine tree today.

早期裸子物的这些特殊结构并今天在松树上看到的那样大。

Analysis of the pollen showed that it was mostly from a mix of gymnosperm plants, including cycads and ginkgos.

对花粉的分析表明， 它主要来自裸子物的混合物，包括苏铁和银杏。

As the angiosperms got their foothold and attracted crossover pollinators like beetles, some pollinators still remained loyal to the gymnosperms.

当被子物站稳脚跟并吸引甲虫等交叉传粉者时，一些传粉者仍然忠于裸子物。

Like the scorpionflies and lacewings, these true flies were thriving on the reproductive structures of gymnosperms, not angiosperms.

蝎子蝇和草蛉一样，这些真正的苍蝇在裸子物而非被子物的殖结构上繁衍息。

Which is weird, because today most gymnosperms are conifers - plants whose reproductive structures often look like cones and are pollinated by wind, not by insects.

这很奇怪， 因为今天大数裸子物都是针叶树——它们的殖结构通常看起来球果，靠风而是昆虫授粉。

But the gymnosperms haven't been totally abandoned by their pollinators.

但是裸子物并没有被它们的传粉者完全抛弃。

Like, organs called nectaries evolved, which delivered tasty nectar rewards to pollinators - these were a new take on the old pollination drops of gymnosperms.

比如， 进化出蜜腺器官，将美味的花蜜奖励给传粉者——这些是对裸子物旧授粉滴的新诠释。

So, beetles may have been the insects that were best able to shift from their relationships with gymnosperms to the new resources offered up by angiosperms.

因此，甲虫可能是最能从与裸子物的关系转向被子物提供的新资源的昆虫。

It was actually something between  a fern and a group of woody plants that exists today called gymnosperms, which includes conifers and gingkos.

它实际上介于蕨类物和今天存在的称为裸子物的一组木本物之间，其中包括针叶树和银杏。

As for the gymnosperms, most of them are back to being wind-pollinated, with airborne pollen that gets stuck in pollen drops.

至于裸子物， 它们中的大数又回到了风媒授粉的状态，空气中的花粉被困在花粉滴中。

A single individual was found fossilized in 105 million-year-old amber from northern Spain with gymnosperm pollen dusted on its mouthparts, legs, and back.

在来自西班牙北部的 1.05 亿年前的琥珀中发现了一个个体的化石，其口器、腿和背部上撒满了裸子物花粉。

The stage for insect pollination was set possibly as far back as the Permian Period, when insects are thought to have started feeding on gymnosperm plant fluids.

昆虫授粉的阶段可能最早可追溯到二叠纪时期，当时人们认为昆虫已经开始以裸子物的液体为食。