He knew that people do not use vellum to write on anymore.

他知道人们已不再用羊皮纸写字。

He saw pieces of vellum, animal skin that people wrote on in the past.

他看到了多张羊皮纸，这是过去人们用来写字兽皮。

But once I'd started looking at Leonardo and vellum, which is basically parchment.

但当我开始看达芬奇和皮纸联系时，皮纸一般都是羊皮纸。

We've got no drawings about Leonardo on vellum on animal skin.

我们以前没有发现达芬奇用皮纸。

I think the point about it being vellum is really interesting.

我觉得关于皮纸这点很有趣。

And once you're thinking about vellum and coloured chalks on vellum all of this falls into place.

一旦你想到皮纸和在皮纸上用染色，这些内容都说得通了。

Now this was executed on vellum I understand, so that's something usually used in codex or a book production.

我知道这幅是在皮纸上，这种材质通常是用于古抄本或者书。

Instead of paper, European books were handwritten on vellum or parchment.

欧洲书籍不是纸质， 而是手写在牛皮纸或羊皮纸上。

The other aspect is you think well why would he do it on vellum?

另一方面你会想为什么他要在皮纸上？

He replaced the precious work, and his eye fell on a stout volume bound in vellum.

他换掉了这本珍贵作品，他目光落在了一本用牛皮纸装订厚实书上。

Recently carbon dated to around 1420, its vellum pages features looping handwriting and hand-drawn images seemingly stolen from a dream.

最近碳年代可追溯到 1420 年左右，它牛皮纸页面上有循环手写体和手绘图像，似乎是从梦中偷来。

And one of the things he did very brilliantly is to use the natural base colour of the vellum to shine through.

有一点他是做得非常聪明就是利用皮纸自然底色营造了一种光彩。

The medieval Mappa Mundi in England's Hereford cathedral, for example, is little more than drawings on vellum, or stretched calfskin, and it lacks Ptolemy's geometric method.

比如，中世纪制作英格兰赫里福德教堂世界地图不过是些绘在羔皮、或者说拉伸了犊皮上图案，没有使用托勒密几何方法。

And a piece of evidence which had been lurking there rather unscrutinised which we didn't really need to think about Leonardo and vellum.

这个证据一直都在，只是我们没发现，我们真很难想到它跟达芬奇和皮纸有关。

Your initial reaction, you see a drawing on ink coloured chalks, but also ink washes on vellum, the initial reaction of course is Leonardo didn't do that.

你第一个反应，当你看到一幅用彩色，还在皮纸上看到水墨，第一个反应当然是这不是达芬奇。

And I wondered if because there's no other works that we know of which Leonardo worked on vellum, it made a difference in terms of attribution according to technique?

我想知道，因为我们没见过达芬奇用皮纸，这会不会影响了我们根据法来鉴定确定性？

He talks about Jean's box of pigments, he talks about how do you get double and single sheets which is cutting vellum out of a irregular shaped skin.

他说到Jean颜料盒，他说到要怎样拿到双层和单层纸，从不规则动物皮上割下皮纸。

The early Christian missionaries introduced the more rounded Roman alphabet (much as we use today), which was easier to read and more suited for writing on vellum or parchment.

早期基督教传教士引入了更圆润罗马字母（就像我们今天使用那样）， 它更容易阅读， 更适合在牛皮纸或羊皮纸上书写。