How would you determine the ground state of a quantum system with no exact solution?

在没有精确解情况下你如何确定量子系统基态？

I would guess a wave-function and then vary its parameters until I found the lowest energy solution.

我会任意猜测一个基态波函数，通过更改其参数找出能量最低量子态。

But as some of the excited electrons fall back to their ground states, they emit energy as light.

不过当一部分电子回到它们基态时候，它们会释放出能量，即光。

Sometimes electrons in those atoms get into an excited state, and when they come back down again they give off light.

有时原子当中电子被，而当它们回到基态时，便出了光。

There are a continuum of energy levels all the way down to the ground state.

从始至终，能量水平都是连续，直到基态。

This, in turn, makes them open to physicists' probings, because there are no confusing changes happening inside the atoms themselves.

物学家因此可以检测反氢原子，因为处于基态反氢原子不会在原子内部生难以解释变化。

That is plenty of time for them to relax into their ground state, the most energetically stable condition they can be in.

这一时间足以让反氢原子弛豫，回到基态，即它们可能达到能量最稳定状态。

Now when all those electrons drop down to the ground state, that atom is going to release some gamma radiation.

现在，当所有这些电子下降到基态时，该原子将释放一些伽马辐射。

As the muon drops down to this different ground state, an x-ray is emitted—alerting Krauth's team that the transition has occurred.

当 μ 子下降到这种不同基态时，会出 X 射线——提醒 Krauth 团队过渡已经生。

Bombard an ordinary hydrogen atom with microwaves of the right frequency and you will lift it out of its ground state by flipping the spin of its electron.

以特定频率微波轰击普通氢原子可以反转其中电子自旋，使其跃迁离开基态。

In quantum mechanics, one of the most important properties of a many-body system is the difference in energy between its ground state and its first excited state.

在量子力学中，多体系统最重要性质之一是其基态与第一态之间能量差。

So the muon starts in a semi-stable place—the food-messy desk—moves up to an unstable state—the clean desk—and then cascades down to a different stable ground state—the paper-messy desk.

因此，介子从一个半稳定地方开始——食物凌乱桌子——上升到一个不稳定状态——干净桌子——然后向下级联到另一个稳定基态- 乱七八糟桌子。

For example, if you heat table salt you'll always see the same two lines in the exact same part of the spectrum as certain electrons in sodium absorb energy and then return to their ground state, giving off light.

例如，如果你加热食盐，你总是会在光谱完全相同部分看到同样两条线，因为钠中某些电子吸收能量，然后返回基态，出光。