输血是如何进行的?How do blood transfusions work? - Bill Schutt

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In 1881, doctor William Halsted rushed to help his sister Minnie, who was hemorrhaging after childbirth.

He quickly inserted a needle into his arm, withdrew his own blood, and transferred it to her.

After a few uncertain minutes, she began to recover.

Halsted didn't know how lucky they'd gotten.

His transfusion only worked because he and his sister happened to have the same blood typesomething that isn't guaranteed, even among close relatives.

Blood types hadn't been discovered by Halsted's time, though people had been experimenting with transfusions for centuriesmostly unsuccessfully.

In 1667, a French physician named Jean-Baptiste Denis became the first to try the technique on a human.

Denis transfused sheep's blood into Antoine Mauroy, a man likely suffering from psychosis, in the hopes that it would reduce his symptoms.

Afterward, Mauroy was in good spirits.

But after a second transfusion, he developed a fever, severe pain in his lower back, intense burning in his arm, and he urinated a thick, black liquid.

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