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生命科学:Symbiosis&Mutualism 互利共生

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一、来自大牛老师的讲解👇

二、重要词汇

  1. Bring...up 提出...

I was hoping someone would bring that up. 我正希望有人提出这个问题

  bring up 抚养

He was brought up in a rich family. 他在一个富裕的家庭中长大。


  1. synonym 近义词;antonym 反义词


  1. distinction 区分n

There should be a clearer distinction between the two terms. 这两个术语之间应该有更加清晰的区别。


  1. Symbiotic relationship 共生关系

  2. mutualistic relationship 互利共生关系


  1. One-to-one ratio 一比一


  1. Dependence 依赖n

  2. Vary 变化v

It's a good example of how dependence on a mutualistic relationship can vary. 这是一个很好的例子来说明在互利共生关系中,依赖程度是会变化的。


  1. Spare 节省v spare time

Ill spare you the fancy Latin name. 高级的拉丁语名字我就不说了。


  1. Presence 出现n , present

  2. Complete life cycle 完成生命循环

These butterflies require the presence of ants to complete their life cycle. 这些蝴蝶需要蚂蚁的存在才能完成它们的生命周期。


  1. Obligatory 必须的

Their interaction with ants is obligatory. 它们和蚂蚁的互动关系是必须的。


  1. Pheromones  信息素

  2. Caterpillars 幼虫,毛毛虫

  3. Feed on 为食


  1. escorted 护卫

It's always attended or escorted by ants. 它总是有蚂蚁的守护。


  1. Make its way back. 想方设法回去


  1. Onto something 接近


  1. Have specialaccess to 可获取


  1. On second thought 再想一下

  2. way off 错的离谱

  3. gland 腺体,organ

  4. secrete 分泌

  5. amino acid 氨基酸

  6. carbohydrate 碳水化合物


The caterpillars have a honey gland, an organ that secretes an amino acid and carbohydrate liquid. 这些幼虫有一种腺体,这种腺体可以分泌一种氨基酸和液态的碳水化合物。


  1. Overload 过载

  2. infect 感染,infection

If the ants don't feed regularly on the liquid from the caterpillar's honey gland, the gland overloads and gets infected如果蚂蚁不经常吃掉一些腺体上分泌出来的液体的话,这个腺体就会过载,进而发生感染。


  1. Reach the final stage of development 达到最后的成长(发展)阶段

The infection will kill the caterpillar and it will never reach its final stage of development, becoming a butterfly.

在幼虫达到其最终的发展阶段即变成蝴蝶之前,这种感染就可能会杀死这些幼虫。

三、完成题目

1. What is the professor mainly discussing?

A. Different ways that scientists use the term

"symbiosis"

B. A specific kind of symbiotic relationship between organisms

C. A butterfly species that competes with another insect species

D. Reasons why symbiosis is considered a subtype of mutualism


2. What does the professor imply about the term "symbiosis"?

A. It is often used with too narrow a meaning.

B. It is used incorrectly in the students' textbook.

C. The original definition is difficult to understand

D.  It is applied only to organisms of the same species.


3. How do the butterflies mentioned by the professor facilitate the relationship between caterpillars and ants of a certain species?

A. The butterflies have a sweet smell that attracts the ants.

B. The butterflies lay their eggs under rocks where the ants lay their eggs.

C. The butterflies lay their eggs on plants where the ants are present.

D. The butterflies identify a food source for both ants and caterpillars.


4. In the example the professor mentions, how do the ants benefit from their interaction with the caterpillars?

A.The caterpillars protect the ants eggs from predators.

B. The caterpillars help the ants find a particular plant.

C. The caterpillars produce a liquid to prevent ants from getting infections.

D. The caterpillars produce a liquid from a species gland to feed the ants.


5. What aspect of mutualism does the professor illustrate with the example of the caterpillars and the ants?

A. Both organisms need the relationship for survival.

B. It is not necessary for both organisms to benefit equally from the relationship.

C.There is more benefit for the organism that is less dependent on the relationship.

D. The relationship does not need to be beneficial to both organisms.


6. What can be inferred about the student when she says this:  On section thought, I'm probably way off.

A. She needs more time to think about the answer

B. She is almost certain that caterpillars produce honey.

C. She thinks her statement may be misunderstood.

D. She doubts that her statement is correct.

(关注微信公众号“大牛托福”,回复关键词“互利共生”可收到本篇题目的答案)


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