Unit 02-a
global
a. 1. covering and affecting the whole world; worldwide
全球的，世界范围的
a global tour
环球旅行
a global war
全球战争
2. covering the whole of a group of parts, etc.
包括一切的，总括的
a global meaning
总体意义
This report gives a global picture of the company's finances.
这份报告反映了公司财政状况的全貌。
ecology
n. [U] (the relationships between) the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc., usu. of a particular area
生态，生态学
The rubbish caused damage to the ecology of the coastline.
垃圾给海岸线上的生态环境带来了损害。
She hopes to study ecology at college.
她想在大学里修生态学。
undertake
vt. 1.(start to) make oneself responsible for (sth.)
担任，承担
She undertook the organization of the whole plan.
她承担了整个计划的组织工作。
Who will undertake the job of preparing the hall?
谁来负责布置大厅的工作？
2. agree or promise to do sth.
同意做，要做，答应
He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。
We can't undertake that you will make a profit.
我们不能保证你会获利。
initiative
n. 1. [C] action taken to solve a difficulty
解决困难所采取的行动，初步行动
It is hoped that the government's initiative will bring the strike to an end.
人们希望政府所采取的行动将结束罢工。
The government is making some fresh initiatives to try to deal with the problem.
政府正在采取某些新的积极行动，来设法解决这一问题。
2. the ~ (sing.) power or right to take action
采取行动的能力（权利或权力），主动权，优先权
The initiative has passed to us.
主动权已转到了我们一方。
Because of a stupid mistake, we lost the initiative in the battle; the enemy has the initiative now.
由于犯了一个愚蠢的错误，我们在战争中失去了主动权，现在主动权落到了对方手中。
3. [U] ability to see what needs to be done and try to do it, esp. without the helpof others
主动，进取精神（尤指不求助于外力的）
I wish my son would show a bit more initiative.
我希望儿子能表现出更多的进取精神。
She hasn't the initiative to start such a project.
她缺乏开始从事这样一个项目所需要的首创精神。
abundant
a. 1.more than enough; plenty
很多的，丰富的，充裕的
We have an abundant supply of fruit.
我们有充裕的水果供应。
Mice are very abundant in these dark and wet places.
这些阴暗潮湿的地方老鼠特别多。
2.(in / with) having plenty of sth., rich in sth.
富于，富有
a land abundant in minerals
矿藏丰富的土地
The rivers of the New World were abundant with fish.
美洲大陆的河流里有大量的鱼类。
cod
n. (pl. unchanged)
鳕鱼
Cod are found in the North Atlantic and the North Sea.
北大西洋和北海有鳕鱼生存。
I'd like cod and chips, please.
请给我来鳕鱼和油炸土豆条。
species
n. (plural unchanged) group of animals and plants only different in little details from the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups
物种，种类
various animal species
各种各样的动物种类
human species
人类
herring
n. 鲱鱼
fisherman
n. [C] person who catches fish, as a job or for sport
渔民，渔夫，渔工
ambitious
a. 1. showing or requiring a particular desire of this kind
显示或需要雄心的
ambitious plans to complete the project earlier
提前完成科研项目的雄心勃勃的计划
His plans are ambitious; he wants to master French, German and Spanish before he is twenty.
他的计划雄心勃勃；他想在20岁前掌握法语、德语和西班牙语。
2. full of strong desires, esp. for money or success
充满野心的，雄心勃勃的（尤指为金钱或功名的）
She is politically ambitious.
她有政治野心（或抱负）。
She is ambitious to succeed in life as a female news writer.
她渴望自己作为一名女新闻工作者在生活中取得成就。
diverse
a. 1.of different kinds; various
种类不同的，多种多样的
people from diverse cultures
来自不同文化背景的人
His interests are very diverse.
他的兴趣很广泛。
2.different (from each other); not the same
不同的，相异的
My sister and I have diverse ideas on how to raise children.
在怎样养育孩子的问题上，我和我姐姐有迥然不同的看法。
diversity
n. [U] (sing.) state of being different; variety
差异，多样，多样性
His writing shows the diversity of human behaviour and ability.
他的作品展示了人类行为和能力的多样性。
There is a cultural diversity in the United States.
美国文化具多样性。
tropical
a. 热带的，（生长在）热带的，炎热的
tropical fruits
热带水果
August was almost tropical this year.
今年八月天气很热。
clear-cut
vt. cut down all the trees in a forest area
砍伐殆尽（一块林区）
erosion
n. 1. [U] process of being worn away or destroyed bit by bit by rain, wind ,etc.
腐蚀，侵蚀
the erosion of the coastline by the sea
海洋对海岸线的侵蚀
The government has made attempts to reduce soil erosion.
政府已经作出努力来减少土壤冲蚀。
2. [U] reducing; destroying
削弱，减少；损害
erosion of human freedom
对人权的侵害
The president was facing great erosion of public support.
总统面临着公众对他支持率大幅度下降的局面。
extensive
a. 1. large in area; extending far
（指面积）辽阔的，广阔的
the extensive grounds of a country house
村舍周围的广阔庭院
The land is flat, and the views are extensive.
这里地势平坦，一望无际。
2. wide-ranging; large in amount
广泛的，大量的
Her knowledge of the subject is extensive.
她对这门学科的知识很渊博。
The fire caused extensive damage to the factory.
大火使工厂遭到巨大的破坏。
series
n. [pl. unchanged] number of things, events, etc. of a similar kind, esp. placed or happening one after another
一连串，一系列，连续的事物（件）
a series of good harvests
连年的丰收
a television series
电视系列节目（每辑单独成集，但人物、主题前后连贯）
publish a new series of readers for students of English
出版一套新的英语学习读物
world series
世界系列比赛（如美国垒球或橄榄球的重要比赛）
jungle
n. 1. [U, C] area of land, usu. in a tropical country, that is covered with a thick growth of trees and plants
丛林，密林
There is not much jungle 100 miles away.
在距这里100英里的地方没有很多丛林。
The road was built out of the jungle.
这条新路是在森林中开辟出来的。
2. [C] place of intense or confusing struggle
斗争激烈的地方
the blackboard jungle
学生不守纪律并敌视教师的学校
the concrete jungle
高楼林立、乌烟瘴气、时有暴力事件的现代城市
colony
n. 1. [C] country or area settled or taken over by people from another country and controlled by that country
Australia was once a British colony.
澳大利亚曾经一度是英国的殖民地。
2. [C] group of people from a foreign country living in a particular city or country
侨民（集合名词）
the American colony in Paris
在巴黎的美国侨民
That first winter in America was very hard for the new colony.
对于新侨民来说，在美国的第一个冬天是非常难熬的。
3. [C] group of animals or plants living or growing in the same place
【生】群居动物，生长在一地的植物，群体（集合名词）
a colony of ants
一群蚂蚁
colonize
vt. establish a colony in (an area); establish (an area) as a colony
在（一个地区）开拓殖民地，使殖民地化
Britain colonized many parts of Africa.
英国在非洲许多地区开拓了殖民地。
Britain was colonized by the Romans.
不列颠曾沦为古罗马人的殖民地。
reverse
vt. 1. turn (sth.) the other way round or up, or inside out
反转，颠倒，翻转
Writing is reversed in the mirror.
文字在镜子里是倒着的。
2. exchange (two functions, positions, etc.)
互换（功能、地位等）
The husband and the wife have reversed their roles.
丈夫和妻子互换了他们的职责。
Their situations are now reversed as the employee has become the employer.
由于雇员成了雇主，他们之间的地位发生了变化。
3. remove or wipe out
撤消，取消
reverse the decision of the lower court
撤消下级法院的判决
n. 1.（sing.）a thing that is the contrary or opposite to what is expected
相对，相反
In hot weather, the reverse happens.
气候炎热时，时常出现反常的天气。
The exact reverse was the case.
情况正好相反。
2. [C] other side or back of sth.
背面，反面
The British ten-pence piece has a lion on the reverse.
英国十便士硬币的反面有一狮子图案。
His name is on the reverse of the medal.
勋章的背面刻着他的姓名。
3. [C] change for the worse; bad luck or trouble
挫折，不幸
He used to be rich, but he met with reverses in his business.
他过去很富有，但后来在生意上连遭厄运。
The Party's fortunes went into reverse.
该党的时运发生了逆转。
a. contrary or opposite to what is expected
相对的，相反的，颠倒的
Please read the names on this list in reverse order.
请以倒序念这名单上的名字。
The record showed a reverse trend to that in other countries.
记录显示了一个与其他国家截然相反的趋势。
tax
n. 1. [C, U] (sum of) money to be paid by people or business to a government for public purpose
税，税额
sales tax
销售税
value-added tax
增值税
2. [C, U] a stress on sth.
负担
The hard work was a tax on those who were ill.
繁重的工作对病人来说是一项负担。
It will be a heavy tax on my time.
这要耗费我许多时间。
vt. 1. require (sb.) to pay tax
对 .... 征税，要求 ... 付税
Household goods are taxed at the rate of 15%.
家用商品征税15%。
Tobacco and alcoholic drinks are taxed heavily in Britain.
在英国，烟草和含酒精的饮料被课以重税。
2. make heavy demands on (sth.)
使负重担，使受沉重压力
His continual requests for help taxed our good nature.
他不断请求帮助使我们的善意受到沉重的压力。
Reading in the poor light taxes the eyes.
在微弱的光线下读书会加重眼睛的负担。
finance
vt. provide money for (a project, etc.)
为（项目）提供经费，为……提供资金
The project is partly financed by the government.
这项工程的部分经费来自政府。
The repairs to the school will be financed by a private company.
学校的修缮费用将由一家私营公司提供。
n. 1. [U] management of (esp. public) money
理财（尤指公款），金融财政
The company needs a man who knows finance.
这家公司需要一个懂财政的人。
State finance has also entered a new stage.
国家财政也已开始进入一个新阶段。
2.（pl.） money available to a person, company or country
（个人、公司、政府的）财源，资金
Are the firm's finances sound?
这个公司的资金充实吗？
Whether it can be done depends on your finances.
这件事能否做成取决于你的财力。
conflict
n. 1. [C, U] (of opinions, desires, etc.) opposing; difference; clash
（指意见、欲望）冲突，抵触
the conflict between one's duty and one's desire
责任与欲望的冲突
It is not surprising that such a view has led to great conflict.
这样的一种观点引起很大的意见分歧是不足为怪的。
2. [C, U] struggle; fight
斗争，战斗
A conventional conflict might become a nuclear war.
一场常规战有可能会变成核战争。
vi. be against or in disagreement with; clash
与... ...相反, 抵触, 冲突
The statements of the two girls conflict.
这两个女孩的陈述不一样。
Has France ever conflicted with England in modern history?
在现代史上，法国与英国之间发生过冲突吗？
industrialize (industrialise)
v. develop (a country or an area) extensively with industries
（使）工业化
the industrialized nations
工业化的国家
The country has been slowly industrializing.
这个国家一直在慢慢地实现工业化。
contaminate
vt. make sth./sb. dirty or polluted by adding dangerous or disease-carrying matter
污染，玷污，弄脏，污损
This river has been contaminated by chemicals.
这条河流已经被化学物质污染了。
They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these rotten ideas.
他们正用这些腐朽的思想污染着我们青年人的头脑。
contamination
n. [U] contaminating or being contaminated
污染，玷污
contamination of the water supply
水源的污染
The water supply is being tested for contamination.
供水系统在进行污染测试。
biology
n. [U] scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals
生物学
human biology
人类生物学
social biology
社会生物学
biologically
ad. of or relating to biology
生物学上
We should control insects biologically by introducing their natural enemy.
我们应该通过引进天敌这种生物手段来控制害虫。
biologically active chemicals
生物活性化学药品
treaty
n. 1. [C] official agreement between two or more countries
（国与国之间缔结的）条约
They signed a treaty to settle all boundary disagreements.
他们签定了一项解决所有边界争端的条约。
2. [U] official agreement between people, esp. for the buying of property
（尤指购置财产时人与人之间的）协约，约定，协商
observe the treaty
遵守条约
The house was sold by private treaty.
这座房子是通过私下订立协议出售的。
fund
n. 1. [C] sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
专款，基金
a relief fund
救济基金
A fund was set up to protect the rare plants.
为保护珍稀植物设立了一项基金。
2. [sing.] stock of supply of sth.
贮藏，储存
She's got a fund of amusing stories.
她会讲许多有趣的笑话。
They have a fund of experience to draw on.
他们有丰富的经验可利用。
3. [pl.] resources of finance; money
财源，金钱，现款
I'm short of funds so I'll pay you next week.
我缺现款，因此下周才能付给你钱。
The president has agreed to give further funds to make a new experiment.
总统同意再拨款以进行新的实验。
vt. provide (an organization, a project, etc.) with money
（为公共机构、工程项目）提供资金
The government is funding another project.
政府正在为另一个项目提供资金。
The rich man was fond of funding films.
那个富翁喜欢为影片拍摄提供资金。
explosive
a, 1. increasing very quickly
激增的，迅速扩大的
The last few years have seen an explosive increase in the number of homeless people on our streets.
近几年我们的街道上无家可归的人数激增。
There has been an explosive demand for computers these years.
近几年对计算机的需求大量增长。
2. able to burst suddenly and easily
爆炸的，爆发的，爆炸性的
Certain gases are highly explosive.
某些气体极易爆炸。
There was an explosive sound over our heads.
头顶上一声爆炸声。
n. [C, U] thing which is likely or able to explode
炸药
The heat set off some explosive.
高温引起一些炸药爆炸。
The bomb consisted of explosives packed into a briefcase.
这颗炸弹是由装在手提箱中的炸药所制成的。
removal
n. 1. [U] getting rid of
去除，消除
the removal of the threat of being attacked
入侵威胁的消除
She agreed to the removal of the flags.
她同意撤除旗帜。
2. [U] taking sth. away from a place; transfer
挪走，移走，搬迁
After the removal of the soup, fish was served.
汤撤下之后鱼就端上来了。
Our removal is to take place on Sunday.
我们定于星期天搬家。
sponsor
vt. 1. support (a person, organization or activity) by giving money, encouragement or other help
赞助，支持
The team is sponsored by NIKE, so the players wear the letters NIKE on their shirts.
这支队伍是由耐克公司赞助的，因此运动员都穿着带NIKE字样的运动服。
He sponsored the plan at the meeting.
他在会上倡议了这一计划。
2. start; hold
发起，举办，主办
The church sponsored the fair to raise money for elderly people.
教会为老年人筹集福利基金而举办了这次义卖。
Who sponsored the divorce change bill?
谁发起了这项离婚改革法案？
n. 1. [C] person who puts forward or assures an idea
发起人，保证人
the sponsor of the annual Christmas party
一年一度圣诞节晚会的发起者
the sponsor of the new employee
新雇员的担保人
2. [C] person who pays money to support another person, organization or activity
资助人，赞助人
The sponsors of a television program pay the costs of making the program.
电视节目赞助人承担编制节目的费用。
The firm is the sponsor of ten engineering students at the university.
这家公司出钱赞助10名在大学学习的工科学生。
cash
n. [U] money in coins or notes
现钞
Do you have any cash on you?
你身上带钞票了吗？
Will you pay by credit card or in cash?
你是信用卡付款还是用现钞？
vt. exchange sth. for cash
兑换现金，兑现
Would you cash a check for me?
你能帮我兑张支票吗？
Where can I get this money order cashed?
我这张邮政汇款单能在哪里取款？
cassava
n. [C] 木薯
maize
n. [U] 玉蜀黍，玉米
generate
vt. 1. produce
生成，产生（光、热、电等）
Steam can generate electricity.
蒸汽能发电。
Two surfaces rubbing together generate heat.
两个表面互相摩擦会产生热。
2. cause to exist; produce
引起，产生
Her latest film has generated a lot of excitement.
她最近拍的电影让许多人激动。
The new development will generate 1500 new jobs.
新的发展将带来1500个新的工作职位。
regenerate
vt. improve (a place or a network), esp. by making it more active or successful
重建，复兴，革新
The new city leader has promised to regenerate the inner cities.
新市长许诺重建市中心。
Their aim is to regenerate British industry.
他们的目的是复兴英国的工业。
observer
n. person who watches carefully
观察家，观察的人，观察员
an acute observer
敏锐的观察家
A careless observer may get the wrong impression.
粗心的观察者可能会得出错误的印象。
strengthen
vt. cause sb./sth. to become stronger
使坚强，使强壮，加固，巩固，加强，增强
This latest development has further strengthened my will to leave.
最近事态的发展更增强了我要离开的决心。
This special shampoo strengthens your hair.
这种特殊的香波会改善你的发质。
impact
n. 1. [C] （usu. sing.） strong impression or effect on sb./sth.
对... ...的强烈的印象或影响
Her speech made a great impact on everyone.
她的发言对每个人都产生了极大的影响。
The news did not make much impact on me.
这消息并没有对我产生多大的影响。
2. [U] hitting of one object against another
碰撞，撞击
The cup hit the wall and broke on impact.
杯子碰在墙上时碎掉了。
v. 1. to leave a powerful effect on a situation or person
影响，作用
These accidents will impact our school's name.
这些事故会影响到我们学校的声誉。
Falling trade rates have impacted on the country's economy.
贸易成交率的下降对这个国家的经济造成了影响。
2. strike, hit
碰撞，撞击
The ball impacted against the bat with a loud noise.
球撞击球棒时发出了很大的声响。
frown
v. 1. (on/upon) disagree; disapproved
不赞成，反对
Smoking is frowned upon in many restaurants.
在许多饭店，吸烟都会引起人们的不满。
Many doctors frown on a diet which has a lot of fat.
许多医生都不赞成饮食中脂肪含量过高。
2. 皱眉，蹙额
She frowned as she stared at the blank piece of paper, wondering what to write.
她盯着那空白的纸，皱起了眉，不知道该写些什么。
The teacher frowned at the class of noisy children but it had no effect.
老师朝班上那些吵闹的孩子们皱起了眉头，但没有任何效果。
n. [C] 皱眉
"Stop doing that." she said with a frown.
"给我停下来，" 她皱着眉头说。
I noticed a slight frown of disagreement on his face.
从他的脸上我注意到了他不赞同地略微皱了一下眉。
shelter
n. 1. [U] a living place
住所，住处
The farmers' immediate need is for food, clothing and shelter.
农民们最迫切的需要是衣、食和住。
2. [C] structure built to give protection, esp. from rain, wind or attack
掩蔽部，掩蔽处，躲避处
a bus shelter
公共汽车站候车亭
Everyone looked for a shelter from the bad weather.
人人都寻找躲避恶劣天气的地方。
3. [U] condition of being protected, kept safe, etc.
掩蔽，遮蔽，保护
We gave the old man shelter for the night.
我们留那个老人过了夜。
The temple provided shelter for hundreds of families whose homes had been flooded.
这座寺庙为几百个被洪水淹没了房屋的家庭提供避难所。
vt. give shelter to （sb./sth.）; protect （sb./sth.）
掩蔽，遮蔽，庇护
The trees shelter the house from the wind.
这些树为这所房子挡风。
He is trying to shlter his boss from critical comment.
他竭力使他的老板不受批评。
vi. find a place that gives shelter; take shelter
躲难，避难
shelter within the walls
躲在围墙内
We sheltered under a tree until the rain passed.
我们躲在树下直到雨过去。
wage
vt. begin and carry on (a war, campaign, etc.)
发起，进行（战争、运动等）
No country wants to wage a nuclear war.
没有哪个国家想要发动一场核战争。
The city is waging a campaign against smoking.
这座城市正在开展一场戒烟运动。
n. [pl.] regular (usu. per week) pay made or received for work or services
工资，报酬（通常按周计酬）
minimum wages
最低工资（某行业或一个国家规定的最低工资）
The workers are demanding to be paid living wages.
工人要求得到能够维持生活的工资。
massive
a. 1. very large in amount or number
大量的，大规模的
I've got a massive amount of work to do.
我有许多工作要做。
Without a massive increase in new money, the company will suffer a problem of finances.
如果没有新的巨额追加资金，公司就会面临财政问题。
2. large in size, heavy
大的，大而重的，大块的
A massive truck has just parked outside the house.
一辆巨型卡车停在了门外。
She has a massive forehead.
她有宽阔的前额。
ad
n. [C] (advertisement的缩略)
广告
put an ad in the local paper
在地方报纸上刊登广告
I often prefer the ads on TV to the actual programs.
与电视节目相比，我往往更喜欢电视广告。
induce
vt. 1. persuade or influence sb. to do sth.
引诱，诱导
We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.
我们无法劝服那位老太太乘飞机旅行。
What induced you to do such a stupid thing?
是什么使得你做出了这样的蠢事？
2. bring sth. about; cause
导致，引起
The actor's acting induces strong feelings in his audience.
那位演员的表演激起了观众强烈的情感。
Overworking induces a lot of illness.
过度劳累会引起许多疾病。
inducement
n. [C, U] (sth. which provides) encouragement to do sth.
诱因，引诱物，动机
They have little inducement to work harder.
他们没有更加努力工作的动力。
This measure is a significant inducement to business growth.
这一措施对企业的发展具有相当大的刺激作用。
convert
v. 1. change one's belief, attitude, etc.
（使）改变（信仰或态度等）
He honestly converted to Christianity.
他真诚地改信了基督教。
My daughter has converted me to pop music.
我女儿使我喜欢上了流行音乐。
2. change sth. from one form or use to another
改变，转变
This seat converts easily into a bed.
这椅子可以很容易地改变为一张床。
They converted their money from pounds into dollars.
他们把英镑兑换成了美元。
target
n. 1. [C] a level or situation which one plans to achieve
（欲达到的）目标，指标
The government's target of 3.5% annual growth seems difficult to meet.
政府每年增长3.5%的目标似乎很难达到。
The target we need to reach in order to rebuild the church is $250,000.
我们重建这座教堂所需要筹集的资金数额为25万美元。
2. [C] object or mark that a person tries to hit in shooting, etc.
标的，靶
I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target.
我开了四枪，可是连靶子都没有打到。
The target of the attack was a train station in the center of the city.
此次进攻的目标是市中心的一个火车站。
vt. aim at sth.; cause to have an effect on a particular, intentionally limited group
把... ...作为目标
This sales campaign was targeted at the youth market.
这次推销活动是以青年为对象的。
Most ads target a special area of the market.
大多数广告是以某一特殊领域的市场为目标的。
concern with
be busy with; interest oneself in
忙于，从事，关心
There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; we're dealing with it.
你不必挂念这件事情，我们正在处理。
We are concerned more with the product development.
我们更为关心产品的开发。
regardless of
paying no attention to
不顾，不管
He went on talking, regardless of my feelings on the matter.
他不顾我对这事的感觉如何, 继续说了下去。
They built the Palace act regardless of cost.
spring up
appear, develop, grow, etc. quickly or suddenly
迅速或突然的出现，发生，长出
New houses were springing up all over the town.
新房屋在全镇拔地而起。
Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past two years.
近两年来，上千家新企业如雨后春笋般地涌现出来。
take measures to
take action for a purpose
采取措施，采取办法
The government has taken measures to reduce crime.
政府已采取措施来减少犯罪。
What further measures can we take to avoid stealing?
我们还能有什么方法防止偷窃呢？
as a result of
because of
因... ...
The flight was delayed as a result of fog.
航班因雾而误点。
The number has declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
数量由于近来销售的下降而减少了。
aim at
intend or try to do
意欲或试图做
We must aim at increasing trade.
我们必须努力增加贸易额。
She is aiming at winning a gold medal at the next sports meeting.
她希望在下一次运动会上能赢得一枚金牌。
agree to
say "yes" to (an idea, opinion, suggestion etc.)
同意，允诺，赞成
Is he going to agree to our idea?
他会赞成我们的建议吗？
Do you agree to my plan?
你同意我的计划吗？
set up
establish or create (sth.)
建立，创立
A fund will be set up for the dead men's families.
一个救济死难者家属的基金会即将建立起来。
They needed the money to set up a special school for poor children.
他们需要一笔钱为贫困的儿童建一所专门的学校。
lead to
have sth. as its result
导致
This mistake has led to a great confusion.
这个错误使人大为困惑。
Ignoring safety rules led to a sad accident.
忽视安全规则导致了悲剧的发生。
cash crop
[C] a crop that is grown mainly to be sold, rather than used by the farmer or those living in the area it is grown in
经济作物
birth control
controlling the number of children
节育
a birth control pill
避孕丸
Taking this medicine is one way of birth control.
服用这种药是节育的一种方法。
下载全新《每日英语听力》客户端，查看完整内容a. 1. covering and affecting the whole world; worldwide
全球的，世界范围的
a global tour
环球旅行
a global war
全球战争
2. covering the whole of a group of parts, etc.
包括一切的，总括的
a global meaning
总体意义
This report gives a global picture of the company's finances.
这份报告反映了公司财政状况的全貌。
ecology
n. [U] (the relationships between) the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc., usu. of a particular area
生态，生态学
The rubbish caused damage to the ecology of the coastline.
垃圾给海岸线上的生态环境带来了损害。
She hopes to study ecology at college.
她想在大学里修生态学。
undertake
vt. 1.(start to) make oneself responsible for (sth.)
担任，承担
She undertook the organization of the whole plan.
她承担了整个计划的组织工作。
Who will undertake the job of preparing the hall?
谁来负责布置大厅的工作？
2. agree or promise to do sth.
同意做，要做，答应
He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。
We can't undertake that you will make a profit.
我们不能保证你会获利。
initiative
n. 1. [C] action taken to solve a difficulty
解决困难所采取的行动，初步行动
It is hoped that the government's initiative will bring the strike to an end.
人们希望政府所采取的行动将结束罢工。
The government is making some fresh initiatives to try to deal with the problem.
政府正在采取某些新的积极行动，来设法解决这一问题。
2. the ~ (sing.) power or right to take action
采取行动的能力（权利或权力），主动权，优先权
The initiative has passed to us.
主动权已转到了我们一方。
Because of a stupid mistake, we lost the initiative in the battle; the enemy has the initiative now.
由于犯了一个愚蠢的错误，我们在战争中失去了主动权，现在主动权落到了对方手中。
3. [U] ability to see what needs to be done and try to do it, esp. without the helpof others
主动，进取精神（尤指不求助于外力的）
I wish my son would show a bit more initiative.
我希望儿子能表现出更多的进取精神。
She hasn't the initiative to start such a project.
她缺乏开始从事这样一个项目所需要的首创精神。
abundant
a. 1.more than enough; plenty
很多的，丰富的，充裕的
We have an abundant supply of fruit.
我们有充裕的水果供应。
Mice are very abundant in these dark and wet places.
这些阴暗潮湿的地方老鼠特别多。
2.(in / with) having plenty of sth., rich in sth.
富于，富有
a land abundant in minerals
矿藏丰富的土地
The rivers of the New World were abundant with fish.
美洲大陆的河流里有大量的鱼类。
cod
n. (pl. unchanged)
鳕鱼
Cod are found in the North Atlantic and the North Sea.
北大西洋和北海有鳕鱼生存。
I'd like cod and chips, please.
请给我来鳕鱼和油炸土豆条。
species
n. (plural unchanged) group of animals and plants only different in little details from the others, and able to breed with each other but not with other groups
物种，种类
various animal species
各种各样的动物种类
human species
人类
herring
n. 鲱鱼
fisherman
n. [C] person who catches fish, as a job or for sport
渔民，渔夫，渔工
ambitious
a. 1. showing or requiring a particular desire of this kind
显示或需要雄心的
ambitious plans to complete the project earlier
提前完成科研项目的雄心勃勃的计划
His plans are ambitious; he wants to master French, German and Spanish before he is twenty.
他的计划雄心勃勃；他想在20岁前掌握法语、德语和西班牙语。
2. full of strong desires, esp. for money or success
充满野心的，雄心勃勃的（尤指为金钱或功名的）
She is politically ambitious.
她有政治野心（或抱负）。
She is ambitious to succeed in life as a female news writer.
她渴望自己作为一名女新闻工作者在生活中取得成就。
diverse
a. 1.of different kinds; various
种类不同的，多种多样的
people from diverse cultures
来自不同文化背景的人
His interests are very diverse.
他的兴趣很广泛。
2.different (from each other); not the same
不同的，相异的
My sister and I have diverse ideas on how to raise children.
在怎样养育孩子的问题上，我和我姐姐有迥然不同的看法。
diversity
n. [U] (sing.) state of being different; variety
差异，多样，多样性
His writing shows the diversity of human behaviour and ability.
他的作品展示了人类行为和能力的多样性。
There is a cultural diversity in the United States.
美国文化具多样性。
tropical
a. 热带的，（生长在）热带的，炎热的
tropical fruits
热带水果
August was almost tropical this year.
今年八月天气很热。
clear-cut
vt. cut down all the trees in a forest area
砍伐殆尽（一块林区）
erosion
n. 1. [U] process of being worn away or destroyed bit by bit by rain, wind ,etc.
腐蚀，侵蚀
the erosion of the coastline by the sea
海洋对海岸线的侵蚀
The government has made attempts to reduce soil erosion.
政府已经作出努力来减少土壤冲蚀。
2. [U] reducing; destroying
削弱，减少；损害
erosion of human freedom
对人权的侵害
The president was facing great erosion of public support.
总统面临着公众对他支持率大幅度下降的局面。
extensive
a. 1. large in area; extending far
（指面积）辽阔的，广阔的
the extensive grounds of a country house
村舍周围的广阔庭院
The land is flat, and the views are extensive.
这里地势平坦，一望无际。
2. wide-ranging; large in amount
广泛的，大量的
Her knowledge of the subject is extensive.
她对这门学科的知识很渊博。
The fire caused extensive damage to the factory.
大火使工厂遭到巨大的破坏。
series
n. [pl. unchanged] number of things, events, etc. of a similar kind, esp. placed or happening one after another
一连串，一系列，连续的事物（件）
a series of good harvests
连年的丰收
a television series
电视系列节目（每辑单独成集，但人物、主题前后连贯）
publish a new series of readers for students of English
出版一套新的英语学习读物
world series
世界系列比赛（如美国垒球或橄榄球的重要比赛）
jungle
n. 1. [U, C] area of land, usu. in a tropical country, that is covered with a thick growth of trees and plants
丛林，密林
There is not much jungle 100 miles away.
在距这里100英里的地方没有很多丛林。
The road was built out of the jungle.
这条新路是在森林中开辟出来的。
2. [C] place of intense or confusing struggle
斗争激烈的地方
the blackboard jungle
学生不守纪律并敌视教师的学校
the concrete jungle
高楼林立、乌烟瘴气、时有暴力事件的现代城市
colony
n. 1. [C] country or area settled or taken over by people from another country and controlled by that country
Australia was once a British colony.
澳大利亚曾经一度是英国的殖民地。
2. [C] group of people from a foreign country living in a particular city or country
侨民（集合名词）
the American colony in Paris
在巴黎的美国侨民
That first winter in America was very hard for the new colony.
对于新侨民来说，在美国的第一个冬天是非常难熬的。
3. [C] group of animals or plants living or growing in the same place
【生】群居动物，生长在一地的植物，群体（集合名词）
a colony of ants
一群蚂蚁
colonize
vt. establish a colony in (an area); establish (an area) as a colony
在（一个地区）开拓殖民地，使殖民地化
Britain colonized many parts of Africa.
英国在非洲许多地区开拓了殖民地。
Britain was colonized by the Romans.
不列颠曾沦为古罗马人的殖民地。
reverse
vt. 1. turn (sth.) the other way round or up, or inside out
反转，颠倒，翻转
Writing is reversed in the mirror.
文字在镜子里是倒着的。
2. exchange (two functions, positions, etc.)
互换（功能、地位等）
The husband and the wife have reversed their roles.
丈夫和妻子互换了他们的职责。
Their situations are now reversed as the employee has become the employer.
由于雇员成了雇主，他们之间的地位发生了变化。
3. remove or wipe out
撤消，取消
reverse the decision of the lower court
撤消下级法院的判决
n. 1.（sing.）a thing that is the contrary or opposite to what is expected
相对，相反
In hot weather, the reverse happens.
气候炎热时，时常出现反常的天气。
The exact reverse was the case.
情况正好相反。
2. [C] other side or back of sth.
背面，反面
The British ten-pence piece has a lion on the reverse.
英国十便士硬币的反面有一狮子图案。
His name is on the reverse of the medal.
勋章的背面刻着他的姓名。
3. [C] change for the worse; bad luck or trouble
挫折，不幸
He used to be rich, but he met with reverses in his business.
他过去很富有，但后来在生意上连遭厄运。
The Party's fortunes went into reverse.
该党的时运发生了逆转。
a. contrary or opposite to what is expected
相对的，相反的，颠倒的
Please read the names on this list in reverse order.
请以倒序念这名单上的名字。
The record showed a reverse trend to that in other countries.
记录显示了一个与其他国家截然相反的趋势。
tax
n. 1. [C, U] (sum of) money to be paid by people or business to a government for public purpose
税，税额
sales tax
销售税
value-added tax
增值税
2. [C, U] a stress on sth.
负担
The hard work was a tax on those who were ill.
繁重的工作对病人来说是一项负担。
It will be a heavy tax on my time.
这要耗费我许多时间。
vt. 1. require (sb.) to pay tax
对 .... 征税，要求 ... 付税
Household goods are taxed at the rate of 15%.
家用商品征税15%。
Tobacco and alcoholic drinks are taxed heavily in Britain.
在英国，烟草和含酒精的饮料被课以重税。
2. make heavy demands on (sth.)
使负重担，使受沉重压力
His continual requests for help taxed our good nature.
他不断请求帮助使我们的善意受到沉重的压力。
Reading in the poor light taxes the eyes.
在微弱的光线下读书会加重眼睛的负担。
finance
vt. provide money for (a project, etc.)
为（项目）提供经费，为……提供资金
The project is partly financed by the government.
这项工程的部分经费来自政府。
The repairs to the school will be financed by a private company.
学校的修缮费用将由一家私营公司提供。
n. 1. [U] management of (esp. public) money
理财（尤指公款），金融财政
The company needs a man who knows finance.
这家公司需要一个懂财政的人。
State finance has also entered a new stage.
国家财政也已开始进入一个新阶段。
2.（pl.） money available to a person, company or country
（个人、公司、政府的）财源，资金
Are the firm's finances sound?
这个公司的资金充实吗？
Whether it can be done depends on your finances.
这件事能否做成取决于你的财力。
conflict
n. 1. [C, U] (of opinions, desires, etc.) opposing; difference; clash
（指意见、欲望）冲突，抵触
the conflict between one's duty and one's desire
责任与欲望的冲突
It is not surprising that such a view has led to great conflict.
这样的一种观点引起很大的意见分歧是不足为怪的。
2. [C, U] struggle; fight
斗争，战斗
A conventional conflict might become a nuclear war.
一场常规战有可能会变成核战争。
vi. be against or in disagreement with; clash
与... ...相反, 抵触, 冲突
The statements of the two girls conflict.
这两个女孩的陈述不一样。
Has France ever conflicted with England in modern history?
在现代史上，法国与英国之间发生过冲突吗？
industrialize (industrialise)
v. develop (a country or an area) extensively with industries
（使）工业化
the industrialized nations
工业化的国家
The country has been slowly industrializing.
这个国家一直在慢慢地实现工业化。
contaminate
vt. make sth./sb. dirty or polluted by adding dangerous or disease-carrying matter
污染，玷污，弄脏，污损
This river has been contaminated by chemicals.
这条河流已经被化学物质污染了。
They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these rotten ideas.
他们正用这些腐朽的思想污染着我们青年人的头脑。
contamination
n. [U] contaminating or being contaminated
污染，玷污
contamination of the water supply
水源的污染
The water supply is being tested for contamination.
供水系统在进行污染测试。
biology
n. [U] scientific study of the life and structure of plants and animals
生物学
human biology
人类生物学
social biology
社会生物学
biologically
ad. of or relating to biology
生物学上
We should control insects biologically by introducing their natural enemy.
我们应该通过引进天敌这种生物手段来控制害虫。
biologically active chemicals
生物活性化学药品
treaty
n. 1. [C] official agreement between two or more countries
（国与国之间缔结的）条约
They signed a treaty to settle all boundary disagreements.
他们签定了一项解决所有边界争端的条约。
2. [U] official agreement between people, esp. for the buying of property
（尤指购置财产时人与人之间的）协约，约定，协商
observe the treaty
遵守条约
The house was sold by private treaty.
这座房子是通过私下订立协议出售的。
fund
n. 1. [C] sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose
专款，基金
a relief fund
救济基金
A fund was set up to protect the rare plants.
为保护珍稀植物设立了一项基金。
2. [sing.] stock of supply of sth.
贮藏，储存
She's got a fund of amusing stories.
她会讲许多有趣的笑话。
They have a fund of experience to draw on.
他们有丰富的经验可利用。
3. [pl.] resources of finance; money
财源，金钱，现款
I'm short of funds so I'll pay you next week.
我缺现款，因此下周才能付给你钱。
The president has agreed to give further funds to make a new experiment.
总统同意再拨款以进行新的实验。
vt. provide (an organization, a project, etc.) with money
（为公共机构、工程项目）提供资金
The government is funding another project.
政府正在为另一个项目提供资金。
The rich man was fond of funding films.
那个富翁喜欢为影片拍摄提供资金。
explosive
a, 1. increasing very quickly
激增的，迅速扩大的
The last few years have seen an explosive increase in the number of homeless people on our streets.
近几年我们的街道上无家可归的人数激增。
There has been an explosive demand for computers these years.
近几年对计算机的需求大量增长。
2. able to burst suddenly and easily
爆炸的，爆发的，爆炸性的
Certain gases are highly explosive.
某些气体极易爆炸。
There was an explosive sound over our heads.
头顶上一声爆炸声。
n. [C, U] thing which is likely or able to explode
炸药
The heat set off some explosive.
高温引起一些炸药爆炸。
The bomb consisted of explosives packed into a briefcase.
这颗炸弹是由装在手提箱中的炸药所制成的。
removal
n. 1. [U] getting rid of
去除，消除
the removal of the threat of being attacked
入侵威胁的消除
She agreed to the removal of the flags.
她同意撤除旗帜。
2. [U] taking sth. away from a place; transfer
挪走，移走，搬迁
After the removal of the soup, fish was served.
汤撤下之后鱼就端上来了。
Our removal is to take place on Sunday.
我们定于星期天搬家。
sponsor
vt. 1. support (a person, organization or activity) by giving money, encouragement or other help
赞助，支持
The team is sponsored by NIKE, so the players wear the letters NIKE on their shirts.
这支队伍是由耐克公司赞助的，因此运动员都穿着带NIKE字样的运动服。
He sponsored the plan at the meeting.
他在会上倡议了这一计划。
2. start; hold
发起，举办，主办
The church sponsored the fair to raise money for elderly people.
教会为老年人筹集福利基金而举办了这次义卖。
Who sponsored the divorce change bill?
谁发起了这项离婚改革法案？
n. 1. [C] person who puts forward or assures an idea
发起人，保证人
the sponsor of the annual Christmas party
一年一度圣诞节晚会的发起者
the sponsor of the new employee
新雇员的担保人
2. [C] person who pays money to support another person, organization or activity
资助人，赞助人
The sponsors of a television program pay the costs of making the program.
电视节目赞助人承担编制节目的费用。
The firm is the sponsor of ten engineering students at the university.
这家公司出钱赞助10名在大学学习的工科学生。
cash
n. [U] money in coins or notes
现钞
Do you have any cash on you?
你身上带钞票了吗？
Will you pay by credit card or in cash?
你是信用卡付款还是用现钞？
vt. exchange sth. for cash
兑换现金，兑现
Would you cash a check for me?
你能帮我兑张支票吗？
Where can I get this money order cashed?
我这张邮政汇款单能在哪里取款？
cassava
n. [C] 木薯
maize
n. [U] 玉蜀黍，玉米
generate
vt. 1. produce
生成，产生（光、热、电等）
Steam can generate electricity.
蒸汽能发电。
Two surfaces rubbing together generate heat.
两个表面互相摩擦会产生热。
2. cause to exist; produce
引起，产生
Her latest film has generated a lot of excitement.
她最近拍的电影让许多人激动。
The new development will generate 1500 new jobs.
新的发展将带来1500个新的工作职位。
regenerate
vt. improve (a place or a network), esp. by making it more active or successful
重建，复兴，革新
The new city leader has promised to regenerate the inner cities.
新市长许诺重建市中心。
Their aim is to regenerate British industry.
他们的目的是复兴英国的工业。
observer
n. person who watches carefully
观察家，观察的人，观察员
an acute observer
敏锐的观察家
A careless observer may get the wrong impression.
粗心的观察者可能会得出错误的印象。
strengthen
vt. cause sb./sth. to become stronger
使坚强，使强壮，加固，巩固，加强，增强
This latest development has further strengthened my will to leave.
最近事态的发展更增强了我要离开的决心。
This special shampoo strengthens your hair.
这种特殊的香波会改善你的发质。
impact
n. 1. [C] （usu. sing.） strong impression or effect on sb./sth.
对... ...的强烈的印象或影响
Her speech made a great impact on everyone.
她的发言对每个人都产生了极大的影响。
The news did not make much impact on me.
这消息并没有对我产生多大的影响。
2. [U] hitting of one object against another
碰撞，撞击
The cup hit the wall and broke on impact.
杯子碰在墙上时碎掉了。
v. 1. to leave a powerful effect on a situation or person
影响，作用
These accidents will impact our school's name.
这些事故会影响到我们学校的声誉。
Falling trade rates have impacted on the country's economy.
贸易成交率的下降对这个国家的经济造成了影响。
2. strike, hit
碰撞，撞击
The ball impacted against the bat with a loud noise.
球撞击球棒时发出了很大的声响。
frown
v. 1. (on/upon) disagree; disapproved
不赞成，反对
Smoking is frowned upon in many restaurants.
在许多饭店，吸烟都会引起人们的不满。
Many doctors frown on a diet which has a lot of fat.
许多医生都不赞成饮食中脂肪含量过高。
2. 皱眉，蹙额
She frowned as she stared at the blank piece of paper, wondering what to write.
她盯着那空白的纸，皱起了眉，不知道该写些什么。
The teacher frowned at the class of noisy children but it had no effect.
老师朝班上那些吵闹的孩子们皱起了眉头，但没有任何效果。
n. [C] 皱眉
"Stop doing that." she said with a frown.
"给我停下来，" 她皱着眉头说。
I noticed a slight frown of disagreement on his face.
从他的脸上我注意到了他不赞同地略微皱了一下眉。
shelter
n. 1. [U] a living place
住所，住处
The farmers' immediate need is for food, clothing and shelter.
农民们最迫切的需要是衣、食和住。
2. [C] structure built to give protection, esp. from rain, wind or attack
掩蔽部，掩蔽处，躲避处
a bus shelter
公共汽车站候车亭
Everyone looked for a shelter from the bad weather.
人人都寻找躲避恶劣天气的地方。
3. [U] condition of being protected, kept safe, etc.
掩蔽，遮蔽，保护
We gave the old man shelter for the night.
我们留那个老人过了夜。
The temple provided shelter for hundreds of families whose homes had been flooded.
这座寺庙为几百个被洪水淹没了房屋的家庭提供避难所。
vt. give shelter to （sb./sth.）; protect （sb./sth.）
掩蔽，遮蔽，庇护
The trees shelter the house from the wind.
这些树为这所房子挡风。
He is trying to shlter his boss from critical comment.
他竭力使他的老板不受批评。
vi. find a place that gives shelter; take shelter
躲难，避难
shelter within the walls
躲在围墙内
We sheltered under a tree until the rain passed.
我们躲在树下直到雨过去。
wage
vt. begin and carry on (a war, campaign, etc.)
发起，进行（战争、运动等）
No country wants to wage a nuclear war.
没有哪个国家想要发动一场核战争。
The city is waging a campaign against smoking.
这座城市正在开展一场戒烟运动。
n. [pl.] regular (usu. per week) pay made or received for work or services
工资，报酬（通常按周计酬）
minimum wages
最低工资（某行业或一个国家规定的最低工资）
The workers are demanding to be paid living wages.
工人要求得到能够维持生活的工资。
massive
a. 1. very large in amount or number
大量的，大规模的
I've got a massive amount of work to do.
我有许多工作要做。
Without a massive increase in new money, the company will suffer a problem of finances.
如果没有新的巨额追加资金，公司就会面临财政问题。
2. large in size, heavy
大的，大而重的，大块的
A massive truck has just parked outside the house.
一辆巨型卡车停在了门外。
She has a massive forehead.
她有宽阔的前额。
ad
n. [C] (advertisement的缩略)
广告
put an ad in the local paper
在地方报纸上刊登广告
I often prefer the ads on TV to the actual programs.
与电视节目相比，我往往更喜欢电视广告。
induce
vt. 1. persuade or influence sb. to do sth.
引诱，诱导
We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.
我们无法劝服那位老太太乘飞机旅行。
What induced you to do such a stupid thing?
是什么使得你做出了这样的蠢事？
2. bring sth. about; cause
导致，引起
The actor's acting induces strong feelings in his audience.
那位演员的表演激起了观众强烈的情感。
Overworking induces a lot of illness.
过度劳累会引起许多疾病。
inducement
n. [C, U] (sth. which provides) encouragement to do sth.
诱因，引诱物，动机
They have little inducement to work harder.
他们没有更加努力工作的动力。
This measure is a significant inducement to business growth.
这一措施对企业的发展具有相当大的刺激作用。
convert
v. 1. change one's belief, attitude, etc.
（使）改变（信仰或态度等）
He honestly converted to Christianity.
他真诚地改信了基督教。
My daughter has converted me to pop music.
我女儿使我喜欢上了流行音乐。
2. change sth. from one form or use to another
改变，转变
This seat converts easily into a bed.
这椅子可以很容易地改变为一张床。
They converted their money from pounds into dollars.
他们把英镑兑换成了美元。
target
n. 1. [C] a level or situation which one plans to achieve
（欲达到的）目标，指标
The government's target of 3.5% annual growth seems difficult to meet.
政府每年增长3.5%的目标似乎很难达到。
The target we need to reach in order to rebuild the church is $250,000.
我们重建这座教堂所需要筹集的资金数额为25万美元。
2. [C] object or mark that a person tries to hit in shooting, etc.
标的，靶
I had four shots but I didn't even hit the target.
我开了四枪，可是连靶子都没有打到。
The target of the attack was a train station in the center of the city.
此次进攻的目标是市中心的一个火车站。
vt. aim at sth.; cause to have an effect on a particular, intentionally limited group
把... ...作为目标
This sales campaign was targeted at the youth market.
这次推销活动是以青年为对象的。
Most ads target a special area of the market.
大多数广告是以某一特殊领域的市场为目标的。
concern with
be busy with; interest oneself in
忙于，从事，关心
There's no need to concern yourself with this matter; we're dealing with it.
你不必挂念这件事情，我们正在处理。
We are concerned more with the product development.
我们更为关心产品的开发。
regardless of
paying no attention to
不顾，不管
He went on talking, regardless of my feelings on the matter.
他不顾我对这事的感觉如何, 继续说了下去。
They built the Palace act regardless of cost.
spring up
appear, develop, grow, etc. quickly or suddenly
迅速或突然的出现，发生，长出
New houses were springing up all over the town.
新房屋在全镇拔地而起。
Thousands of new businesses have sprung up in the past two years.
近两年来，上千家新企业如雨后春笋般地涌现出来。
take measures to
take action for a purpose
采取措施，采取办法
The government has taken measures to reduce crime.
政府已采取措施来减少犯罪。
What further measures can we take to avoid stealing?
我们还能有什么方法防止偷窃呢？
as a result of
because of
因... ...
The flight was delayed as a result of fog.
航班因雾而误点。
The number has declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
数量由于近来销售的下降而减少了。
aim at
intend or try to do
意欲或试图做
We must aim at increasing trade.
我们必须努力增加贸易额。
She is aiming at winning a gold medal at the next sports meeting.
她希望在下一次运动会上能赢得一枚金牌。
agree to
say "yes" to (an idea, opinion, suggestion etc.)
同意，允诺，赞成
Is he going to agree to our idea?
他会赞成我们的建议吗？
Do you agree to my plan?
你同意我的计划吗？
set up
establish or create (sth.)
建立，创立
A fund will be set up for the dead men's families.
一个救济死难者家属的基金会即将建立起来。
They needed the money to set up a special school for poor children.
他们需要一笔钱为贫困的儿童建一所专门的学校。
lead to
have sth. as its result
导致
This mistake has led to a great confusion.
这个错误使人大为困惑。
Ignoring safety rules led to a sad accident.
忽视安全规则导致了悲剧的发生。
cash crop
[C] a crop that is grown mainly to be sold, rather than used by the farmer or those living in the area it is grown in
经济作物
birth control
controlling the number of children
节育
a birth control pill
避孕丸
Taking this medicine is one way of birth control.
服用这种药是节育的一种方法。
