In China and Japan, the traditional art of bone setting, known as Dieda and Sekotsu, respectively, developed in association with martial arts schools, where practitioners refined techniques for treating injuries sustained in training and combat.

在中国和日本，传统的正技艺分别被称为“跌打”和“接”，与武术学校紧密相连，正是在这学校里，从业者不断完善了治和战斗中受伤的技术。

While orthopaedic surgery made little progress for several centuries, bone setting, usually by self-taught practitioners without formal medical training, became established in many parts of the world.

尽管科手术在几个世纪里进展甚微，但接术——通常由未经正规医学的自学者实施——已在世界许多地区确立。