Continuing to develop new molecular machines that can make all of the remaining ways to convert one base pair to another base pair and that minimize unwanted editing at off-target locations in cells is very important.

继续开发新分子机器，使所有剩余方法将一个基对转换成另一个基对，并尽量减少在细胞非目标位置不必要编辑，这一点非常重要。

There are about 3 billion base pairs in our genetic code.

在我们遗传密码中大有30个基对。

Today, any two humans only differ by about 1 out of 1000 DNA base pairs.

如今，任意两个人差别只有千分之一 DNA 基对。

This does not require changing every single base pair in the genome to mammoth.

这不需要将基因组中每一个基对都改变为猛犸象。

Scientists think that, after about 6m years, all that would be left would be individual base pairs, the equivalent of trying to reconstruct a book from a heap of its constituent letters.

科学家们认为大600万年之后只剩下单个基对，这就相当于从一堆组成字母中重建一本书。

And if the crRNA-tracrRNA complex binds to its complementary sequence near a PAM, it helps guide Cas9 to chop up the double stranded DNA of the offender like a ninja, 3 base pairs in front of the PAM.

当crRNA-tracrRNA复合体与病毒PAM附近互补序列相结合，它将帮助介导Cas9，像忍者一样在PAM前3对基处切断入侵者双链DNA。

More base pairs and more exons mean that there are more chances for mistakes during meiosis, which is when the egg or sperm are being created.

更基对和外显子意味着减数分裂时有更出错可能，导致生成X染色体上有错误编码序列卵细胞或者精子。

Besides the low error rate, Dr Kedes requires that the sequence be complete-meaning that it includes at least 98% of the genome's base pairs.

除了错误率要低，科德斯博士还要求测序结果必须是完整，即至少包括人体98%染色体基对。

When Huda and Harry combined their data, they were able to narrow the location of their gene down to about one million base pairs.

Huda 和 Harry 合并数据后，他们就能将基因位置缩小到大概100万基对内。

The full genome has 6 billion base pairs (3 billion from each parent, though many are duplicates), which means even the prize winner will be allowed 6,000 mistakes.

人整个基因组包含六十个基对（从父母处各遗传三十个，尽管大部分都是复制过来），这意味着即便是获奖者，其测序结果仍可以有6000个错误。

Each of these base pairs are contained in 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of human cells.

这些基对中每一个都包含在人类细胞核里23对染色体当中。

This little nick tricks the cell into replacing the nonedited G with an A as it remakes the nicked strand, thereby completing the conversion of what used to be a C-G base pair into a stable T-A base pair.

这个小缺口欺骗细胞用A替换未经编辑G，因为它重新制造了刻痕链，从而完成了以前C-G基对到稳定T-A基对转换。

Of these 3 billion base pairs, 99.9% are exactly the same in all humans.

在这30个基对中，99.9%基对在人类中完全相同。

Well, Cas9 recognizes a specific Protospacer Adjacent Motif or PAM for short which is a conserved 2-5 base pair sequence located near the crRNA complementary sequence.

Cas9很快识别特定" 原间隔序列邻近基序" （简称PAM）；PAM是病毒位于crRNA互补序列附近2-5对保守基序列。

Alright, so the dystrophin gene is a huge gene on the X-chromosome, that has 79 exons and is over 2 million base pairs in length.

抗肌萎缩蛋白基因是X染色体上一个庞大基因，含有79个外显子，全长超过2000kbp（书上通常缩写为bp，基对）。

Because in order to be stable in cells, the two strands of a DNA double helix have to form base pairs.

因为为了在细胞中稳定，DNA双螺旋两条链必须形成基对。

And some parts, particularly those where the same short pattern of base pairs is repeated over and over again, remain difficult to sequence well.

而且其中某些部分，尤其是那些短型基对被不断复制位置，仍然很难准确测序。

By comparison, most genes have only about 10 exons and are 50 thousand base pairs in length.

相对来说，大数基因只有10个外显子和50kbp长。

Rather than patenting every conceivable variant, the company claims jurisdiction over isolated DNA sequences, 15 base pairs long, that match short parts of the genes.

他们不是对每一有可能得到基因突变体持有专利权，而是对一段分离到基因序列持有专利权，这段基因序列含有15个基对。

Over the last 20 years, the price of writing one base pair of DNA has dropped from 10 dollars to nine cents, more than a hundredfold decrease, drastically reducing cost and unleashing the imagination of scientists worldwide.

在过去20年里，编写一个脱氧核糖核酸基对成本从10美元下降到九美分， 降幅超过一百倍， 极大地降低了成本， 并激发了全球科学家想象力。