In China and Japan, the traditional art of bone setting, known as Dieda and Sekotsu, respectively, developed in association with martial arts schools, where practitioners refined techniques for treating injuries sustained in training and combat.

在中国和日本，传统的正分别被称为“跌打”和“接”，它们与武术校紧密相连，正是在这校里，从业者们不断完善了治疗训练和战斗中受伤的术。

While orthopaedic surgery made little progress for several centuries, bone setting, usually by self-taught practitioners without formal medical training, became established in many parts of the world.

尽管科手术在几个世纪里进展甚微，但接术——通常由未经正规训练的自者实施——已在世界许多地区确立。