While orthopaedic surgery made little progress for several centuries, bone setting, usually by self-taught practitioners without formal medical training, became established in many parts of the world.

尽管科手术几个世纪里进展甚微，术——通常由未经规医学训练自学者实施——已世界许多地区确立。

In China and Japan, the traditional art of bone setting, known as Dieda and Sekotsu, respectively, developed in association with martial arts schools, where practitioners refined techniques for treating injuries sustained in training and combat.

中国和日本，传技艺分别被称为“跌打”和“”，它们与武术学校紧密相连，是这些学校里，从业者们不断完善了治疗训练和战斗中受伤技术。