While orthopaedic surgery made little progress for several centuries, bone setting, usually by self-taught practitioners without formal medical training, became established in many parts of the world.

尽管骨科手术几个世纪里进展甚微，但接骨术——通常由未经正规学自学者实施——已世界许多地区。

In China and Japan, the traditional art of bone setting, known as Dieda and Sekotsu, respectively, developed in association with martial arts schools, where practitioners refined techniques for treating injuries sustained in training and combat.

中国和日本，传统正骨技艺分别被称为“跌打”和“接骨”，它们与武术学校紧密相连，正是这些学校里，从业者们不断完善了治疗和战斗中受伤技术。