Continuing to develop new molecular machines that can make all of the remaining ways to convert one base pair to another base pair and that minimize unwanted editing at off-target locations in cells is very important.

继续开发新的子机器，使所有剩余的方法将一个碱基对转换成另一个碱基对，并尽量减少在细胞的非目标位置的不必编辑，这一点非常。

There are about 3 billion base pairs in our genetic code.

在我们的遗传密码中大约有30亿个碱基对。

Today, any two humans only differ by about 1 out of 1000 DNA base pairs.

如今，任意两个人的差别只有千之一的 DNA 碱基对。

This does not require changing every single base pair in the genome to mammoth.

这不需将基因组中的每一个碱基对都改变为猛犸象。

Scientists think that, after about 6m years, all that would be left would be individual base pairs, the equivalent of trying to reconstruct a book from a heap of its constituent letters.

科学家们认为大约600万年之后只剩下单个的碱基对，这就相当于从一堆组成字母中建一本书。

And if the crRNA-tracrRNA complex binds to its complementary sequence near a PAM, it helps guide Cas9 to chop up the double stranded DNA of the offender like a ninja, 3 base pairs in front of the PAM.

当crRNA-tracrRNA复合体与病毒PAM附近的互补序列相结合，它将帮助介导Cas9，像忍者一样在PAM的前3对碱基处切断入侵者的双链DNA。

More base pairs and more exons mean that there are more chances for mistakes during meiosis, which is when the egg or sperm are being created.

更多的碱基对和外显子意味着减数有更多出错的可能，导致生成X染色体上有错误编码序列的卵细胞或者精子。

Besides the low error rate, Dr Kedes requires that the sequence be complete-meaning that it includes at least 98% of the genome's base pairs.

除了错误率低，科德斯博士还求测序结果必须是完整的，即至少包括人体98%的染色体碱基对。

When Huda and Harry combined their data, they were able to narrow the location of their gene down to about one million base pairs.

Huda 和 Harry 合并数据后，他们就能将基因位置缩小到大概100万碱基对内。

The full genome has 6 billion base pairs (3 billion from each parent, though many are duplicates), which means even the prize winner will be allowed 6,000 mistakes.

人的整个基因组包含六十亿个碱基对（从父母处各遗传三十亿个，尽管大部都是复制过来的），这意味着即便是获奖者，其测序结果仍可以有6000个错误。

Each of these base pairs are contained in 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the nucleus of human cells.

这些碱基对中的每一个都包含在人类细胞核里的23对染色体当中。

This little nick tricks the cell into replacing the nonedited G with an A as it remakes the nicked strand, thereby completing the conversion of what used to be a C-G base pair into a stable T-A base pair.

这个小缺口欺骗细胞用A替换未经编辑的G，因为它新制造了刻痕链，从而完成了以前的C-G碱基对到稳定的T-A碱基对的转换。

Of these 3 billion base pairs, 99.9% are exactly the same in all humans.

在这30亿个碱基对中，99.9%的碱基对在人类中完全相同。

Well, Cas9 recognizes a specific Protospacer Adjacent Motif or PAM for short which is a conserved 2-5 base pair sequence located near the crRNA complementary sequence.

Cas9很快识别特定的" 原间隔序列邻近基序" （简称PAM）；PAM是病毒位于crRNA互补序列附近的2-5对保守的碱基序列。

Alright, so the dystrophin gene is a huge gene on the X-chromosome, that has 79 exons and is over 2 million base pairs in length.

抗肌萎缩蛋白基因是X染色体上一个庞大的基因，含有79个外显子，全长超过2000kbp（书上通常缩写为bp，碱基对）。

Because in order to be stable in cells, the two strands of a DNA double helix have to form base pairs.

因为为了在细胞中稳定，DNA双螺旋的两条链必须形成碱基对。

And some parts, particularly those where the same short pattern of base pairs is repeated over and over again, remain difficult to sequence well.

而且其中某些部，尤其是那些短型碱基对被不断复制的位置，仍然很难准确测序。

By comparison, most genes have only about 10 exons and are 50 thousand base pairs in length.

相对来说，大多数基因只有10个外显子和50kbp长。

Rather than patenting every conceivable variant, the company claims jurisdiction over isolated DNA sequences, 15 base pairs long, that match short parts of the genes.

他们不是对每一有可能得到的基因突变体持有专利权，而是对一段离到的基因序列持有专利权，这段基因序列含有15个碱基对。

Over the last 20 years, the price of writing one base pair of DNA has dropped from 10 dollars to nine cents, more than a hundredfold decrease, drastically reducing cost and unleashing the imagination of scientists worldwide.

在过去20年里，编写一个脱氧核糖核酸碱基对的成本从10美元下降到九美， 降幅超过一百倍， 极大地降低了成本， 并激发了全球科学家的想象力。