The CSF fills the space that surrounds the brain and wastes from inside their brain make their way out to the CSF which gets dumped along with the waste into the blood.

CSF 充满了大脑周围的空间，大脑内部的废物进入到 CSF 中，和其它废物一起被排入血液中。

The second way is hematogenous spread, which is when a pathogen enters the bloodstream and moves through the endothelial cells in the blood vessels making up the blood-brain barrier and gets into the CSF.

第二种方式是血性传播，这是当病原体进入血流并在构成血脑屏障的血管中跨越内皮细胞，从而进入脑脊液。

They tested it in 600 patients at various stages of Alzheimer's and found that levels of the protein correlated well with levels of tau in the CSF, and could reliably distinguish Alzheimer's from other neurodegenerative diseases.

研究人员在 600 名处于不同阶段的阿尔海默病患者身上进行了测试，发现脑源性 Tau 蛋白的脑脊液中的 Tau 蛋白有很大的相关性，能可靠地将阿尔海默病其他神经退行性疾病区分开来。

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or CSF analysis, typically shows pleocytosis, which means an increased number of white blood cells.

脑脊液常表现为白细胞增多。

Now at any given moment, there's about 150 ml of CSF in the body.

在任何特定时刻，体内有大约150毫升的脑脊液。

This can be done through a combination of brain imaging and CSF analysis.

以上标志物测可以结合脑成像和脑脊液分析来完成。

The diagnosis of west nile virus is made by detecting about four times the normal amount of IgM in the serum or CSF using an immunoassay test that's specific to the virus.

西尼罗河病毒的诊断基于血清或脑脊液免疫测特异性抗体升高为正常4倍以上。

But when the animal goes to sleep, the CSF rushes into the brain to rinse and clean it out.

但当这只小动物睡着之后，CSF 就涌入了大脑，开始进行大扫除。

Finally, sometimes the bacteria can even migrate from the bloodstream, and use its toxins to break through the endothelial cells that make up the blood-brain barrier to get into the cerebrospinal fluids or CSF, causing meningitis.

最后，细菌有时可以过血液循坏进入脑：其释放毒素杀伤血管内皮细胞，破坏其构成的血脑屏障，从而进入脑脊液，导致脑膜炎。

For example, it could be a congenital defect like spina bifida, or an acquired one like a skull fracture, where there might be CSF leaking through the sinuses.

例如，它可以是先天的缺陷，比如脊柱裂；或是后天获得的缺陷，比如颅骨骨折，其中可能有脑脊液过鼻窦泄漏。

The needle penetrates into the subarachnoid space and a few milliliters of CSF is taken.

针穿透进入蛛网膜下腔，吸取几毫升脑脊液。

CSF analysis can also show an elevated protein concentration because the inflammation leads to a more permeable blood brain barrier, or BBB, which is a selective semipermeable barrier between the circulating blood and the central nervous system.

脑脊液也可有蛋白含量升高，由于炎症导致介于循环血流和中枢神经系统之间的半透膜屏障，即血脑屏障，透性升高。

Soon enough, the handful of white blood cells surveilling the CSF identify the pathogen and release cytokines to recruit additional immune cells.

之后很快，一些负责监视脑脊液的白细胞识别出病原体，并释放细胞因子召集额外的免疫细胞。

But for any nutrients to enter and leave the CSF, and the brain itself for the matter, they have to go through the tightly regulated by the blood-brain barrier.

但是，对于任何营养物质进入和离开脑脊液以及大脑本身，他们必须要经过严格监管的血液-大脑屏障。

Now there are two routes that an infection take to reach the CSF and leptomeninges.

现在感染一般过两个途径接触脑脊液和柔脑膜。

Yeah, using really detailed analysis of patient samples, they saw the CSF was just packed with inflammatory cells and, importantly, rich with IFNO and signs of its activity.

是的，过对手术样本的详细分析，他们发现脑脊液中充满了炎症细胞，而且关键的是，富含IFNγ及其活性迹象。

Between the leptomeninges, there's a subarachnoid space, which houses Cerebral Spinal Fluid, or CSF.

在这两层中间有蛛网膜下隙，其中含有脑脊液，简称CSF。

They analyzed CSF from human LM patients and found, yes, elevated levels of exactly these NK-supporting cytokines, IR-12, IL-15, and also IL-18, another related one.

他们分析了人类LM患者的脑脊液，发现这些支持NK细胞的细胞因子——IL-12、IL-15，以及另一种相关的细胞因子IL-18——确实升高。

The immune reaction also causes the glucose concentration in the CSF to fall, to below two thirds of the concentration in the blood, and makes the protein levels increase to over 50 mg per decilitre.

免疫反应也会造成脑脊液中的葡萄糖浓度下降至血糖浓度的三分之二以下，并且使蛋白质浓度提高到每分升50毫克以上。

Clinically, you see this massive inflammatory response in the patient's CSF.

临床上，你会在患者的脑脊液中观察到强烈的炎症反应。