Now there are two routes that an infection take to reach the CSF and leptomeninges.

现在感染一般通过两个途径接触脑和柔脑。

This can be done through a combination of brain imaging and CSF analysis.

以上标志物检测可以结合脑成像和脑析来完成。

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or CSF analysis, typically shows pleocytosis, which means an increased number of white blood cells.

脑检查通常表现为白细胞增多。

But when the animal goes to sleep, the CSF rushes into the brain to rinse and clean it out.

但当这只小动物睡着后，CSF 就涌入了大脑，开始进行大扫除。

Once the pathogen finds a way into the CSF it can start multiplying.

一旦病原体找到了进入脑的方法，它就可以开始繁殖。

As a result the CSF pressure typically rises above 200 mm of H2O.

因此，脑压通常会上升至200毫米水柱以上。

The needle penetrates into the subarachnoid space and a few milliliters of CSF is taken.

针穿透进入蛛网下腔，吸取几毫升脑。

Soon enough, the handful of white blood cells surveilling the CSF identify the pathogen and release cytokines to recruit additional immune cells.

后很快，一些负责监视脑的白细胞识别出病原体，并释放细胞因子召集额外的免疫细胞。

Between the leptomeninges there's the subarachnoid space, which houses cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF.

在柔脑（蛛网和软脑）是蛛网下腔空，容纳脑髓，或缩写为CSF。

Dr Sarpeshkar also has a novel solution to the biofouling problem: implant the fuel cell in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounding the brain.

另外，Sarpeshkar博士还有一个针对于生物燃料问题的新型解决方法：在大脑周围的脑（CSF）中植入能量池。

Now at any given moment, there's about 150 ml of CSF in the body.

在任何特定时刻，体内有大约150毫升的脑。

The opening pressure can be measured, and the CSF can be analyzed for white blood cells, protein, and glucose.

脑开放的压可以被测量，同时脑也能被用来析白细胞、蛋白质和葡萄糖数量。

To help reduce the volume and pressure back to normal, there's less CSF production and more CSF reabsorption.

为了降低颅腔内容物体积，降低颅内压，脑的生成会减少，吸收会增多。

These first two, the pia and arachnoid maters, form the subarachnoid space, which houses the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF.

前两者，即软脑和蛛网，叫作蛛网下隙；蛛网下隙里含有脑，简称CSF。

Between the leptomeninges, there's a subarachnoid space, which houses Cerebral Spinal Fluid, or CSF.

在这两层中有蛛网下隙，其中含有脑，简称CSF。

But for any nutrients to enter and leave the CSF, and the brain itself for the matter, they have to go through the tightly regulated by the blood-brain barrier.

但是，对于任何营养物质进入和离开脑以及大脑本身，他们必须要经过严格监管的血-大脑屏障。

This is constantly replenished, with around 500 ml of new CSF produced everyday and the excess, or 500 minus 150 mL or 350 mL, is absorbed into the blood.

这是不断补充的，每天我们能产生大约500毫升的新髓；多余的髓，也就是500减去150毫升等于350毫升的髓，会被吸收进入血。

Over time, a microliter of CSF might go on to contain up to thousands of white blood cells, but any more than five usually defines meningitis.

随着时的推移，一微升脑内的白细胞数量可能会达到数千，但任何超过五个白细胞的现象都会诊断为脑炎。

The CSF fills the space that surrounds the brain and wastes from inside their brain make their way out to the CSF which gets dumped along with the waste into the blood.

CSF 充满了大脑周围的空，大脑内部的废物进入到 CSF 中，和其它废物一起被排入血中。

For example, it could be a congenital defect like spina bifida, or an acquired one like a skull fracture, where there might be CSF leaking through the sinuses.

例如，它可以是先天的缺陷，比如柱裂；或是后天获得的缺陷，比如颅骨骨折，其中可能有脑通过鼻窦泄漏。