As long ago as 500 A.D., Persians used windmills for grinding grain and pumping water.

早在公元500年，波斯人就利用风车研以及抽水。

The Persians were defeated and Xerxes fled, never to return.

波斯战败，薛西斯逃跑，再也没有回。

White people, Europeans, Persians, Arabs, Middle Easterners.

白人，欧洲人，波斯人，阿拉伯人，中东人。

Meanwhile, ancient Persians built shallow insulated pools of water and utilized a technique known as sky cooling.

与此同时，古波斯人建造了隔热浅水池，并利用“空气冷却”技术。

This time, the Persians said no.

这一次，波斯人说不。

Eventually, the Persians, under Darius I invaded Greece in 492 BCE.

最终，波斯人在大流士一世领导下于公元前 492 年入侵希腊。

At great cost to the Persians, the Spartans and their king, Leonidas, were killed.

波斯付出了巨大代价，斩杀了斯巴达勇士和他们国王列奥尼达斯。

Ten years later, the Persians returned, planning to conquer the whole of Greece under the leadership of Darius's son, Xerxes.

十年，波斯人重返，计划征服整个希腊，统帅为达利斯儿子薛西斯。

The same free people of Athens who defeated the Persians later treated Miltiades and Themistocles with just such ingratitude.

这是曾战胜过波斯人自由雅典人民，也就是不知感激地对待米尔提亚德斯和泰米斯托克利斯雅典人民。

These mountain people were the Persians.

这个山地民族就是波斯人。

And then, in 480 BCE, Xerxes took his Persians across the Hellespont and moved south, towards Sparta, gaining allies.

然，在公元前 480 年，薛西斯带领他波斯人穿过赫勒斯蓬特河，向南移动，前往斯巴达，获得盟友。

Lydia was powerful and prosperous, but it was threatened from the east by the rapidly expanding power of the Persians.

吕底亚国力强大，经济发达，但东边迅速扩张波斯对他们仍是一种威胁。

So there at Marathon they formed ranks, and fell upon the startled Persians. And they were victorious.

所以他们在马拉松集结并向受惊波斯人发起攻击。雅典人打了胜仗。

Iraqis, Kurds, Pakistanis, Persians, and the peoples of Central Asia.

伊拉克人、库尔德人、巴基斯坦人、波斯人和中亚人民。

It was Alexander who won the final, decisive victory over the Persians.

是亚历山大赢得了对波斯人最决定性胜利。

The literature of Indians, Greeks, Persians, and Teutons alike was characterized by great cosmic visions.

印度人、希腊人、波斯人和日耳曼人文学都以伟大宇宙观为特征。

Another civilization to emerge in the Middle East was that of the Persians.

中东地区出现另一个文明是波斯文明。

The Romans and the Persians had, at the imperial and institutional levels, embraced monotheism.

罗马人和波斯人在帝国和制度层面上都已接受了单一神教。

To the northeast were the Sassanian Persians.

在东北方向是萨珊王朝波斯人。

And then you get the final pushback, get the Persians out of Greece.

最终，你获得了决定性反击，将波斯人逐出了希腊。