The body has an enzyme that breaks down acetaldehyde.

人体有一种分解醛的酶。

Then, an enzyme called ALDH converts the toxic acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetate.

接着，醛脱氢酶(ALDH) 有毒的醛转化为无毒的醋酸盐。

Also, oral bacteria convert ethanol to acetaldehyde which is a carcinogen.

此外，口腔微生物群可醇转化为致癌物——醛。

First, an enzyme called ADH turns alcohol into acetaldehyde, which is toxic.

首先，醇脱氢酶 (ADH) 精转化为有毒的醛。

The acetaldehyde then gets converted to acetate and goes into the mitochondria like last time.

醛之后再被转换为酸盐并和之前一样，进入线粒体。

A hangover is suspected to be the result of alcohol being metabolized into acetaldehyde.

醉就是由精的代谢产物——醛造成的。

Ethanol is converted to acetaldehyde and then eventually to acetic acid — the same stuff in vinegar.

醇被转化为醛，然后最终转化为酸——醋中也是如此。

Ethanol doesn't need insulin to get into the cell, it just diffuses in there and is converted to acetaldehyde.

醇不需要胰岛素进入细胞，它直接融进去肝细胞里面（精又融水又融油，细胞壁挡不住它）被转化成醛。

And the second quickly turns acetaldehyde into acetate, which is similar to vinegar and easy for the body to eliminate.

而第二种酶此时会快速醛变成酸酯。酸酯的功能和醋很相似，可以轻易从人体排出。

If acetaldehyde sounds familiar that maybe because it's similar to formaldehyde. It's toxic. That's why it triggers the immune responds.

你可能觉得醇似曾相识，那是因为他和甲醛一样，有毒。这就是为什么我们的免疫系统会产生反应。

These enzymes break down alcohol and convert it into something called acetaldehyde.

这些酶分解精并其转化为醛。

First, enzymes convert the alcohol to acetaldehyde, a substance that can damage cells over time.

首先，酶精转化为醛，醛是一种会随着时间的推移损害细胞的物质。

The most efficient way of making acetaldehyde at the time used a particular catalyst, a thing to kick start the reactions.

当时制造醛最有效的方法使用了一种特殊的催化剂，就是一种启动反应的物质。

One gene variant causes alcohol to break down into acetaldehyde faster, flooding the body with the toxin.

一种基因变异导致精更快分解为醛，使毒素充斥体内。

The other variant slows down acetaldehyde metabolism, meaning the chemical hangs around in the body longer, prolonging the damage.

另一种变体会减慢醛代谢，这意味着这种化学物质在体内停留的时间更长，从而延长了损害。

But acetaldehyde is quickly converted into acetate, a much more stable intermediate, before it breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.

但是醛在分解成二氧化碳和水之前会迅速转化为醋酸盐，这是一种更稳定的中间体。

For instance, two genetic variants, both of which are more common in people of Asian descent, affect how alcohol and acetaldehyde are metabolized.

例如，两种基因变异在亚洲人后裔中更为常见，它们会影响精和醛的代谢。

About 30 years earlier, the Chisso Corporation had started making a chemical called acetaldehyde, a super important precursor to things like acetic acid and some plastics.

大约 30 年前，奇索公司开始生产一种叫做醛的化学物质，醛是醋酸和一些塑料的一种非常重要的前身。

Scientists think that the main way alcohol causes health problems is by damaging DNA. When you drink alcohol, your body metabolizes it into acetaldehyde, a chemical that is toxic to cells.

科学家认为精导致健康问题的主要方式是破坏 DNA。当您饮时，您的身体会其代谢为醛，这是一种对细胞有毒的化学物质。

Unfortunately, ethanol and toxic alcohol metabolites like acetaldehyde also pass freely through the placenta, but the fetal liver doesn't have the necessary enzymes to metabolize them, so they build up inside the fetus really fast.

不幸的是，醇及有毒的精代谢产物，如醛，也可自由通过胎盘，而胎儿的肝脏却没有分解这些物质所必需的酶，因此它们可以在胎儿体内快速积聚。