He says for a long time, there's been a debate about how amniote brains, like birds and mammals, evolved and what makes them similar.

他说，长期以来，关于羊膜动物大脑，如鸟类和哺乳动物，是如何进化以及它们之间有何相似之处一直存在。

And in lush forests dominated by ferns and ancient plants, a new kind of tetrapod was taking over: the amniotes.

在以蕨类植物和古老植物为主茂密森林中，一种新四足动物正在接管：羊膜动物。

These arid wastelands would’ve been uninhabitable for early tetrapods, but not for the amniotes.

这些干旱荒地 对于早期四足动物来说是不适宜居住，但对于羊膜动物来说却不是。

Amniotes with one temporal fenestrae are called synapsids.

具有一个颞孔羊膜动物称为突触。

We're amniotes, meaning we develop in a fluid-filled egg covered in a membrane.

我们是羊膜动物，意味着我们在充满液体蛋中发育，蛋外覆盖着一层膜。

Unable to compete with these amniotes, and facing a harsh new climate, terrestrial temnospondyls either vanished outright or returned to the water.

无法与这些羊膜动物竞，并面对严酷新气候， 陆地上扁平头类要么彻底消失， 要么回到了水中。

During the Triassic as dinosaurs were evolving to fill large bodied ecological niches on land the other amniote groups were evolving to fill the sea and the air.

在三叠纪期间，随着进化以填充陆地上大型生态位，其他羊膜动物群也在进化以填充海洋和空气。

Unlike the temnospondyls, these early amniotes were free to reproduce far from the water, by laying eggs with protective shells, which were probably more leathery than mineralized.

与扁平头类不同， 这些早期羊膜动物可以在远离水源地方繁殖，它们产下蛋有保护壳，这些壳可能更像皮革而不是矿化物质。

Amniotes can be subdivided into several groups based on the number of holes or fenestra in the skull.

羊膜动物可以根据头骨上孔或孔数量细分为几个组。

By the time this catastrophe occurred, most lineages of temnospondyls had already gone extinct, under pressure from the amniotes.

到这场灾难发生时，大多数扁平头类分支已经在羊膜动物压力下灭绝了。

And amniotes with two temporal fenestrae are called diapsids.

具有两个颞孔羊膜动物被称为双孔动物。

Now, reptiles are amniotes, and so are mammals.

现在，爬行动物是羊膜动物，哺乳动物也是羊膜动物。

Which group of amniotes do you think dinosaurs belong to?

你认为属于哪一组羊膜动物？

And the amniotes quickly split into two branches around 310 million years ago: one that would give rise to all reptiles and birds, called the Sauropsids, and the other that would eventually give rise to mammals: the Synapsids.

大约3.1亿年前，羊膜动物迅速分化为两个分支：一个分支产生了所有爬行动物和鸟类，称为蜥形纲；另一个分支最终产生了哺乳动物，称为合弓纲。

As the Permian progressed, amniote predators like Dimetrodon, Ophiacodon, and eventually saber-toothed gorgonopsians became widespread.

随着二叠纪推进，像二齿兽、蛇齿兽和最终剑齿戈尔贡OPS这样羊膜动物捕食者变得广泛分布。

But all that changed after aquatic amniotes started to spread.

但这一切在水生羊膜动物开始扩散后发生了变化。

Aquatic temnospondyls managed to hang on for tens of millions of years by sticking to watery habitats and avoiding the amniotes on land.

水生扁平头类通过坚守水域栖息地并避免与陆地上羊膜动物接触，成功存活了几千万年。

Amniotes first appeared nearly 315 million years ago, in the Carboniferous Period.

羊膜动物最早出现在大约3.15亿年前石炭纪。

And although the first amniotes evolved in the Carboniferous, it was during the Permian that they started taking over the world's land environments.

尽管第一批羊膜动物是在石炭纪进化而来，但它们是在二叠纪才开始占据世界陆地环境。

Some of our earliest fossil records of amniote eggs are from dinosaurs like Mussaurus patagonicus, which lived around 215 million years in Argentina.

我们最早一些羊膜卵化石记录来自， 例如巴塔哥尼鼠，它们在阿根廷生活了大约 2.15 亿年。