Now, reptiles are amniotes, and so are mammals.

现在，爬行是，哺乳也是。

We're amniotes, meaning we develop in a fluid-filled egg covered in a membrane.

我们是，意味着我们在充满液体的蛋中发育，蛋外覆盖着一层。

These arid wastelands would’ve been uninhabitable for early tetrapods, but not for the amniotes.

这些干旱的荒地 对于早期的四足来说是不适宜居住的，但对于来说却不是。

Amniotes with one temporal fenestrae are called synapsids.

具有一个颞孔的称为突触。

But on an increasingly dry planet, that gave amniotes a critical advantage.

但在一个越来越干的星球上，这给了一个关键的优势。

And amniotes with two temporal fenestrae are called diapsids.

具有两个颞孔的被称为双孔。

Amniotes first appeared nearly 315 million years ago, in the Carboniferous Period.

最早出现在大约3.15亿年前的石炭纪。

Amniotes can be subdivided into several groups based on the number of holes or fenestra in the skull.

可以根据头骨上的孔或孔的数量细分为几个组。

Which group of amniotes do you think dinosaurs belong to?

你认为恐龙属于哪一组？

But all that changed after aquatic amniotes started to spread.

但这一切在水生开始扩散后发生了变化。

As the Permian progressed, amniote predators like Dimetrodon, Ophiacodon, and eventually saber-toothed gorgonopsians became widespread.

随着二叠纪的推进，像二齿兽、蛇齿兽和最终的剑齿戈尔贡OPS这样的捕食者变得广泛分布。

And in lush forests dominated by ferns and ancient plants, a new kind of tetrapod was taking over: the amniotes.

在以蕨类植和古老植为主的茂密森林中，一种新的四足正在接管：。

The other was a development that altered the course of life's history on planet earth: The amniote egg.

另一个则是改变了地球上生命历史进程的发展：蛋。

Some of our earliest fossil records of amniote eggs are from dinosaurs like Mussaurus patagonicus, which lived around 215 million years in Argentina.

我们最早的一些卵化石记录来自恐龙， 例如巴塔哥尼鼠龙，它们在阿根廷生活了大约 2.15 亿年。

By the time this catastrophe occurred, most lineages of temnospondyls had already gone extinct, under pressure from the amniotes.

到这场灾难发生时，大多数扁平头类的分支已经在的压力下灭绝了。

And although the first amniotes evolved in the Carboniferous, it was during the Permian that they started taking over the world's land environments.

尽管第一批是在石炭纪进化而来的，但它们是在二叠纪才开始占据世界的陆地环境。

He says for a long time, there's been a debate about how amniote brains, like birds and mammals, evolved and what makes them similar.

他说，长期以来，关于大脑，如鸟类和哺乳，是如何进化以及它们之间有何相似之处的争论一直存在。

Aquatic temnospondyls managed to hang on for tens of millions of years by sticking to watery habitats and avoiding the amniotes on land.

水生扁平头类通过坚守水域栖息地并避免与陆地上的接触，成功存活了几千万年。

Unable to compete with these amniotes, and facing a harsh new climate, terrestrial temnospondyls either vanished outright or returned to the water.

无法与这些竞争，并面对严酷的新气候， 陆地上的扁平头类要么彻底消失， 要么回到了水中。

Unlike the temnospondyls, these early amniotes were free to reproduce far from the water, by laying eggs with protective shells, which were probably more leathery than mineralized.

与扁平头类不同， 这些早期的可以在远离水源的地方繁殖，它们产下的蛋有保护壳，这些壳可能更像皮革而不是矿化质。