Along these areas are magnificent structures called articular cartilage.

沿着这些区域是称为关节软骨的结构。

Whatever the initial cause of articular cartilage damage is, it gets the chondrocytes to start trying to repair the cartilage.

不管引起关节软骨损伤的起始因素是什么，都会有软骨细胞开始尝试修复软骨。

Most of the patients are elderly people with chronic articular diseases, like arthritis and ocular problems in particular.

大多数病人都是老人，都有慢性关节疾病，尤其是关节炎和眼病。

The synovium's composed of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and on the surface—" Type A" cells that clear cellular debris and " Type B" cells that produce components of synovial fluid, which helps lubricate the two articular surfaces.

松散结缔组织、血管、淋巴管组；在表面，A型细胞清理细胞碎屑，B型细胞产生液分，液能够两块关节的表面。

Okay, so chondrocytes are important for the articular cartilage, got it.

因此软骨细胞对关节软骨非常重要。

Alright, so a healthy joint consists of two bones, each with its own layer of articular cartilage, which is a type of connective tissue that allows the two bones to glide against each other essentially without friction.

好，个正常的关节两块骨组；块骨都有关节软骨在外层包绕；关节软骨是种结缔组织，使得两块骨头能基本没有摩擦地互相行。

Along with articular cartilage, another important component of synovial joints, and where they get their name from, is the synovium, which along with the surface of the articular cartilage, forms the inner lining of the joint space.

和关节软骨样，是关节的另重要组分，所以得名“关节”；分布在关节软骨的表面，形关节腔的内层。

Maintaining healthy articular cartilage is the chondrocyte's job, a specialized cell responsible for maintaining everything cartilage-related.

保持关节软骨的健康是软骨细胞的工作；软骨细胞是负责切软骨相关事务的特殊细胞。

Also, fibrillations form, essentially these cracks or clefts, on what used to be a smooth articular surface.

软骨纤维性颤动也将形，其本质是这些原本十分光的软骨表面出现裂缝或裂口。

The earliest ancestors of mammaliaforms had four bones in their jaws, and the jaw joint was formed by two bones called the articular and the quadrate.

哺乳类动物最早的祖先在颌骨中有四块骨头，颌关节称为关节和方骨的两块骨头组。

You can see the articular relationships, there's no question about it.

你可以看到具体的关系，这是毫无疑问的。

Importantly, mutations in cartilage matrix genes such as COL2A1, COL9A3, COL11A2 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), which are produced by articular chondrocytes, cause chondrodysplasia with early-onset OA.

重要的是，软骨基质基因如COL2A1、COL9A3、COL11A2和软骨寡聚基质蛋白（COMP）的突变，这些基因关节软骨细胞产生，会导致软骨发育不良并伴早期发病的骨关节炎。

How articular chondrocytes, that primarily rely on glycolysis in low oxygen homoeostatic conditions, respond to joint damage and adapt to microenvironmental changes in articular cartilage is an important yet poorly understood question.

关节软骨细胞主要依赖于低氧稳态条件下的糖酵解，它们如何响应关节损伤并适应关节软骨微环境的变化，是个非常重要但尚不完全理解的问题。

OA has long been considered the consequence of a 'wear and tear' process leading to loss of articular cartilage.

骨关节炎长期以来直被认为是“磨损”过程的结果，导致关节软骨丧失。

Methods c-Fos expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on articular cartilage sections from patients with OA and mice subjected to the destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) model of OA.

方法 通过免疫组化评估了来自OA患者和接受内侧半月板不稳(OA的DMM模型)的小鼠的关节软骨切片中的c-Fos表达。