Taking a look at a cross section chunk, there's also a layer of smooth muscle which has nerves of the autonomic nervous system in it.

来看一下这个横断面，这一层还有平滑肌，里面含有属于自主神经系统的神经。

He wrote the first textbook about the diseases connected to the autonomic nervous system.

他写了第一本关于自主神经系统相关疾病的教科书。

Plaques can also involve the autonomic nervous system which can lead to bowel and bladder symptoms like constipation and urinary incontinence, as well as sexual symptoms like sexual dysfunction.

硬化斑也会影响自主神经系统，导致肠道与膀胱症状（便秘和）和性功能障碍。

Aminolevulinic acid, in particular, is the most likely culprit since it could cross the blood brain barrier and affect the central, autonomic, and peripheral nervous systems.

特别是氨基乙酰丙酸，是最可能的“嫌疑犯”，因为它可以跨越血脑屏障，影响中枢、自主和外周神经系统。

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system and it helps mediate your automatic functions like breathing, heart rate, sweating, and digestion.

交神经系统是自主神经系统的一部分，它有助于调节你的自动功能，如呼吸、心率、出汗和消化。

Then from your amygdala the information moves to your hypothalamus which communicates with your autonomic nervous system and adrenal glands.

然后，信息从你的杏仁到你的下丘脑，下丘脑与你的自主神经系统和肾上腺交流。

Unlike the skeletal muscles, the body's cardiac and smooth muscles are managed by the autonomic nervous system beyond our direct control.

与骨骼肌不同，身体的心肌和平滑肌是由自动神经系统控制，而非听从我们的直接控制。

But where these ganglia appear relate to their function, and which division of the autonomic system they're serving.

但是这些神经节出现的地方与它们的功能有关，以及它们服务于自主神经系统的哪个部门。

When your brain senses stress, it activates your autonomic nervous system.

当你的大脑受到压力时，它会激活你的自主神经系统。

Symptoms of transverse myelitis depend on which tracts are damaged and usually affect sensory, motor or autonomic function on both sides of the body.

横贯性脊髓炎的症状取决于哪些神经束受损，通常会影响双侧的觉、动作或自主神经功能。

Its effects change, depending on the situation you're in — and also which part of your autonomic system is in charge at that moment.

它的影响是变化的，这取决于你所处的环境——也取决于你自主神经系统的哪一部分在那一刻负责。

This involuntary sphincter is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and keeps the urethra closed when the bladder isn't full.

这一非随意括约肌由自主神经系统控制，能够在膀胱非充盈时保持道关闭。

Autonomic control also contracts and relaxes smooth muscle in a rhythmic cycle.

自动控制系统同时也在一个有节奏的循环中协调、放松平滑肌。

Toxic metabolites also affect the autonomic nervous system regulating gastrointestinal motility, and this can causes abdominal pain, constipation, and vomiting.

毒性代谢产物也可以影响调节胃肠蠕动的自主神经系统，可以导致腹痛、便秘和呕吐。

Now we don't actually have voluntary control over this particular sphincter, but the autonomic nervous system keeps it cinched up whenever you're not peeing to prevent leakage.

我们实际上并不能自主控制这个特殊的括约肌，但是自主神经系统会在你不撒的时候把它收紧以防止泄漏。

Autonomic neurons are also located in the spinal cord, and these help regulate processes like urination, digestion, and heart rate.

脊髓中还包含自主神经元；自主神经元可调控排、排便和心率。

For now, you learned the basic two-part system of your autonomic nervous system.

现在，你学习了自主神经系统的基本两部分系统。

Your autonomic system is the branch of your peripheral nervous system that regulates the functions of your internal organs, like your heart and stomach, and also controls your smooth and cardiac muscles, and your glands.

你的自主神经系统是你周围神经系统的分支，它调节你内部器官的功能，比如你的心脏和胃，也控制你的平滑肌和心肌，以及你的腺体。

You may recall from our tour of the anatomy of your autonomic nervous system, that in both your sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, almost every signal has to cross two synapses.

你可能还记得我们对你自主神经系统解剖的介绍，在你的交神经和副交神经部门，几乎每个信号都必须通过两个突触。

So, like I mentioned before, it can be easy to think of the two divisions of your autonomic system as opposites or even rivals, but that's a little off the mark.

所以，就像我之前提到的，很容易认为你自主系统的两个部门是对立的，甚至是竞争对手，但这有点离谱。