Alcohol can lead to an increase in Gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans which can lead to dental caries.

酒会导致变异链球菌等革兰氏阳性菌的数量增多，从而引发龋齿。

All right, as a quick recap, dental caries lesions are the end result of the dental caries disease process.

得！快速回顾一下：龋齿是牙齿龋的最终结果。

If destruction continues into the dentin layer, then the caries lesion enlarges towards the pulp.

牙本质层的损害继续蔓延，缺损会延伸到牙髓。

It's worth mentioning that formation of a caries lesion doesn't have to begin with the enamel of the crown.

值得一提的是龋齿的缺损，并一定从牙冠部的牙釉质开始。

You could just flax up the phone and find someone verneer by who caries.

你可以直接打开电话，然后找一个有龋齿的人。

Something to remember is using toothpaste without fluoride is not effective against dental caries.

需要记住的是，使用含氟的牙膏对预防龋齿是无效的。

More than 2.3 billion adults and 560 million childrenhave suffered from dental caries, respectively.

超过 23 亿成年人 5.6 亿儿童分别患有牙周病。

Symptoms of dental caries include tooth pain and sensitivity, especially when chewing or drinking something that's cold or hot, or sweet.

龋齿的症状包括疼痛敏感，尤其在咀嚼或用冰、热、甜的东西时。

Second, to help prevent dental caries and maintain general health, reduce consumption of sugar in food and drink.

第二， 为了帮助预防龋齿并保持整体健康，应减少食物中的糖分摄入。

These changes may increase pathogenic organisms or their activity causing a series of oral infectious diseases such as dental caries or periodontal diseases.

这些改变可能会增加致病微生物的数量或提高其活性，从而导致诸如龋齿、牙周疾病等一系列口腔感染性疾病。

When left untreated, dental caries advances toexpose pulp tissue and provides facile access for bacterial invasion.

如果行治疗, 牙龈病变会发到暴露牙髓组织, 为细菌入侵提供方便。

If the enamel surface is intact, then the caries lesion can be treated without drilling a tooth and instead using chemical remineralization.

如果牙釉质表面完整，使用化学再矿化剂就可以治愈龋齿，而需要在牙齿上钻孔了。

The predominantreason of dental caries is inadequate oral hygiene, which consequently results in irreversible and permanent harm to tooth mineralized tissues.

牙龈病变的主要原因是口腔卫生足, 从而对牙齿矿化组织造成可逆转的永久性伤害。

The most common oral diseases and conditions are dental caries or tooth decay, gum disease, tooth loss, dental trauma or oral cancer.

最常见的口腔疾病状况包括龋齿或蛀牙、牙周病、牙齿脱落、牙外伤或口腔癌。

An advanced caries lesion can progress to a point where the tooth surface forms a cavitation or a hole, which is the physical evidence of tooth breakdown.

龋洞一步发会导致牙齿表面形成洞穴，是牙齿损的实证。

Ultimately, these restorative treatments are useful, but they alone don't resolve the underlying cause of the caries lesion and can't prevent new caries lesions from forming.

归根结底，这些修复方法虽然有效，但能去除潜在的致病因素，也能预防龋齿再次形成。

" It is likely to be related to a change in diet. Our industrialized diet leads to chronic disease, which includes caries. And that may be the main explanation."

这可能与食的改变有关，我们工业化的食导致龋齿等慢性病的出现，其主要原因可能就是这个。

So, when it comes to dental caries, there's a tug-of-war between the pathogenic factors that promote demineralization of the tooth and protective factors that promote remineralization of the tooth.

所以龋齿的形成过程中，加快牙齿软化的致病因素与加快牙齿再矿化的保护因素，像是在行一场拔河比赛。

That environment favors bacteria like mutans streptococci and Lactobacillus, which demineralize enamel and the dentin beneath it, and if untreated, it can eventually result in a cavitated caries lesion.

酸性环境下的优势菌例如变形链球菌乳酸杆菌，可以食牙釉质及其下层的牙本质脱矿，如果加以治疗，最终会形成空洞型龋齿。

It is estimated that atleast 3.58 billion people are affected by oral diseases in the world, amongst which dental caries poses a significant public health concern.

据估计, 世界上至少有35.8亿人受到口腔疾病的影响, 其中牙龈病是一个重大的公共卫生问题。