It used to be hunter-gatherer band, right, and then chiefdom, city-states, nations, now there are international organizations and so on and so forth.

以前是狩猎采集族群， 对吧，然后是邦、城邦、民族，现在有国际组织等等。

It took four years of lobbying by the association of women and girls of the Cadamawa Region, a father, to get the chiefdoms to agree to open to women.

作为父亲的Cadamawa Region是女协会花了四年时间游说，长同意向女开放。

Our work with the women we explain to them how they can go through us to express their needs at the level of the chiefdom to denounce violence against women.

我们与女一起工作，向她们解释如何通过我们在长层来表达她们的需要，谴责对女的暴力行为。

There has also been a two-way flow of influences in art, religion, technology. Of course it has not always been a peaceful relationship; there have also been invasions and wars between southern states and chiefdoms in Sri Lanka.

当然，它们的关系并非一直是和平的，历史上印度南方各邦与斯里兰卡诸邦之间的侵略和战争也时有发生。

Between the fourth and the fifth cataracts of the  Nile lay the state of El-Kurru. This chiefdom was at an advantage as it had access to two important  trade routes, and it controlled the gold mines.

在尼罗河的第四和第五大瀑布之间是埃尔库鲁 (El-Kurru) 州。 这个长处于优势位，因为它可以进入两条重要的贸易路线， 并且控制着金矿。