Three base codons on the mRNA code for one amino acid.

一个 mRNA 编码上三个碱密码子。

The words in which the instructions are written are called codons, and the letters are known as bases.

指令中所写单词被称为密码子，单词中一个个字母被称为碱。

The 3 base codes are known as codons. So GGT is a " codon" for Glycine.

这三个碱编码被称为密码子。所以 GGT 是甘“密码子”。

Stop signals When a ribosome reads a codon.

终止信号 当核糖体读一个密码子时。

The most common HER2 mutation, accounting for 80- 90% of all HER2 mutations, occurs in exon 20: a duplication or insertion of the amino acids YVMA at codon 776 (YVMA 776-779 ins).

最常见 HER2 突变（占所有 HER2 突变 80-90%）发生在外显子 20：密码子 776 处 YVMA 重复或插入（YVMA 776-779 ins）。

Specifically, we could remove components of the translational machinery, specific tRNAs, that normally read the codons that we've removed from the genome.

具体来说，我们可以移除转化体系成分，即特定转运 RNA，它们通常会读我们从因组中移除密码子。

We first took the four-million-character code in a computer and used a find-and-replace operation to replace targeted codons with their synonyms.This created our new genome design, which contained more than 18,000 changes with respect to the original genome.

我们首先在计算机中 400 万个字符代码，并使用查找和替换操作将目标密码子替换为它们同义词。这创建我们新因组设计，其中包含相对于原始因组 18,000 多个变化。

The paper gives some fascinating examples. Evo2 can accurately predict the three-base periodicity pattern of codons.

这篇论文提供一些引人入胜例子。Evo2可以准确预测密码子三碱周期性模式。

By changing the order of the triplet codons in the synthetic DNA, we can change the order of the chemical building blocks that we program into the resulting polymer.

通过改变合成 DNA 中三联体密码子顺序，我们可以改变我们在生成聚合物中编程化学构件顺序。

And triplet codons that encode the same amino acid are defined as synonymous codons.

编码相同三联体密码子被定义为同义密码子。

Sometimes, the third base in a codon can vary without changing which amino acid it codes for.

有时，密码子中第三个碱可以发生变化，而不会改变它编码。

Now because our organism with a compressed genetic code doesn't use all 64 triplet codons to make proteins, we could remove some of the machinery from the cell that normally reads the near-universal genetic code.

现在，由于我们具有浓缩遗传密码生物体，不使用所有 64 个三联体密码子来制造蛋白质，我们可以从细胞中移除一些通常读近乎普遍遗传密码机制。

And this means that most amino acids are encoded by more than one triplet codon.

这意味着大多数由不止一个三联体密码子编码。

So, for example, the amino acid serine is encoded by six different triplet codons.

因此，例如，丝由六个不同三联体密码子编码。

So, for example, the triplet codon TCG encodes the amino acid serine.

因此，例如，三联密码子 TCG 编码丝。

For example, does life need six different codons, which all code for the amino acid serine?

例如，生命是否需要六个不同密码子，它们都编码丝？

Recall that the order of triplet codons in DNA encodes the order of amino acid building blocks in a protein.

回想一下，DNA 中三联体密码子顺序编码蛋白质中构建块顺序。

DNA is composed of four bases: A, T, G and C. And triplets of these bases, known as codons, encode each of the amino acid building blocks in proteins.

DNA由四个碱组成：A、T、G和C。这些碱三联体，被称为密码子，编码蛋白质中每个组成部分。

And the order of triplet codons in DNA encodes the order of amino acid building blocks in a protein.

DNA 中三联体密码子顺序编码蛋白质中组成部分顺序。

The genetic code is a rulebook that defines which codon encodes which amino acid.

遗传密码是一本规则手册，它定义哪个密码子编码哪个。