Opposition research is as old as politics itself—Cicero's orations against Catiline, a dodgy candidate for the Roman consulship in 63BC, were notably well-informed.

其最早可追溯到时西塞罗与喀提林一场人尽皆知的辩论，喀提林是公元前63年罗执政官的竞选者，巧舌如簧。

Scipio was a member of a very old and very famous patrician family, but as a mere lad of thirty-one, he was twelve years too young to hold the consulship.

普布里乌普属于大家族那是一个古老而闻名的贵族家庭，但他只是一个31岁的小伙子，只有再过12年，他才能够当领事。

Since Rome needed both Marius and his army, he was elected four times in a row to the consulship, one zero four, one zero three, one zero two, one zero one.

因为罗需要和他的军队，他连续四次当选执政官，分别为104年 103年 102年 101年。

Because opposition to monarchy had become a Roman core value, the Romans believed that politicians should rise up a ladder of offices to the highest office or consulship.

因为反对君主制已经成为核心价值观，罗人为政治家应该升起阶梯到最高的办公室或者职位。

He's in Rome for his consulship, but that aside, he's mostly away.

他罗是为了担任执政官，但除此之外，他大多时候都不。

Vespasian had largely retired from public life  following his consulship in 51 AD owing to his falling out of favour with Claudius and  Agrippina and he remained out of public life for the remainder of the 50s AD.

维公元 51 年担任执政官后，由于失去了克劳狄和阿格里皮娜的青睐，基本上退出了公共生活，并且公元 50 年代剩余的时间里他一直远离公共生活。

Marius would hold the consulship a  record-breaking seven times before becoming embroiled in a bitter civil war  against another popular general named Sulla.

卷入与另一位名叫苏拉的受欢迎将军的激烈内战之前，曾七次破纪录地担任执政官。

And the consulship is only going to be created in the process of the bickering about letting non-patricians into the high office.

而执政官职位的设立，正是关于是否允许非贵族担任高位的争论过程中产生的。

And perhaps the most interesting thing about Camillus, of course, is he never holds the consulship.

当然，关于卡米卢最引人入胜的一点或许是，他从未担任过执政官。

Between 71 and 79 AD he held the consulship seven times alongside his father  - this was by now a mostly ceremonial office but it nevertheless is a testament to his  influence at the highest levels of the Roman state.

公元71年至79年间，他七次与父亲一同担任执政官——此时这个职位多半是礼仪性的，但这也充分证明了他罗国家最高层的影响。

And so Camillus refuses to hold the consulship over a people who were reluctant to condone such an office, which is fascinating for what he achieves for Rome through not being a consul.

于是卡米卢拒绝担任人民不愿可的执政官职务，而他通过不担任执政官所为罗做出的成就却十分引人入胜。

Because when he returns to Rome in order to stand for the consulship, there is an attempt to prevent him from doing that by holding up the debate on his triumph.

因为当他返回罗竞选执政官时，有人试图通过拖延对他凯旋式的讨论来阻止他。

The other thing that's happening through this process is that the kind of life cycle of the aristocrat who's aiming at the consulship is one grand apprenticeship to be consul.

这个过程中发生的另一件事是，那些以执政官职为目标的贵族，其生涯轨迹就像是一场为担任执政官而进行的大型学徒训练。

I guess you can have access to the consulship.

我想你可以获得执政官职位。

As was  traditional Vespasian was able to administer a foreign province following his consulship, and  in 63 AD he became proconsul of Africa, where he demonstrated his rigorous administrative and  financial skills.

按照传统， 维先担任执政官后能够管理一个行省，公元63年他成为非洲的总督，展示了他严谨的行政和财务管理能力。

But one of the interesting things about Plutarch's life of Camillus is that he explicitly states that he didn't want to hold the consulship because of the political conditions at the time.

但普鲁塔克所著的卡米卢传记中一个有趣的地方是，他明确表示卡米卢不愿担任执政官职务，原因是当时的政治环境。

There was Professor Catherine Steele talking through the rise of Julius Caesar and his many stories until he attained the consulship in 59 BC.

凯瑟琳·蒂尔教授正讲解尤利乌·凯撒的崛起及其诸多事迹，直至他公元前59年担任执政官。

We have a narrative about how the consulship ends up shaped the way that it is, and we have a lot of reasons not to trust that narrative.

我们有关于执政官职是如何形成现有模式的叙述，但我们有很多理由不去相信这种叙述。

He thought himself much more able than that, and maybe had aspirations to higher things, the consulship, maybe more, it's undecidedly clear.

他为自己远比那更有能力，或许怀有更高的抱负， 比如担任执政官，甚至可能更多， 这一点尚不十分明确。

At 39, you can stand for the priesthood, and at 42 you can stand for the consulship.

39岁时，你可以竞选祭司职位，42岁时，你可以竞选执政官。