In Japan, Marius B. Jensen, the historian, says that the military was watching the people and had jailed some people for high-level defeatism, as it was called.
I think really as much as anything, his rhetoric is gearing up for a general election campaign in which he is going to invite the British public to choose between optimism and defeatism.
In Germany, in the last year of the war, between 10,000 and 20,000 people, I read, were hung or executed in some other way, soldiers and civilians alike, on charges of what was called defeatism.