So you get the profits of the firm minus the disutility of having missed all that sleep.

因此，您可以获得公司的利润减去因错过所有睡眠而产生的负效用。

But the winning candidate is him so he gets no disutility from the winning candidate being someone else.

但获胜的候选人是他，因此获胜的候选人是其他人不会对他造成任何损害。

Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labour?

由此是否可以得出现有的实际工资水平准确衡量了劳动力的边际负效用？

This level cannot be greater than full employment, i.e. the real wage cannot be less than the marginal disutility of labour.

这个水平不能高于充分就业， 即实际工资不能低于劳动的边际负效用。

The utility of the wage when a given volume of labour is employed is equal to the marginal disutility of that amount of employment.

当雇佣一定数量的劳动力时，工资的效用等于该就业数量的边际负效用。

If this is not true, then there is no longer any reason to expect a tendency towards equality between the real wage and the marginal disutility of labour.

果这不是真的，那么就不再有任何理由期望实际工资与劳动的边际负效用之间存在趋于平等的趋势。

(5) is, therefore, subject to the condition that N cannot exceed the value which reduces the real wage to equality with the marginal disutility of labour.

因此， (5) 的条件是 N 不能超过使实际工资降低到与劳动的边际负效用相等的价值。

If this is true, the wage-goods equivalent of the existing money-wage is not an accurate indication of the marginal disutility of labour, and the second postulate does not hold good.

果这是真的，那么与现有货币工资等价的工资品就不是劳动边际负效用的准确指示，第二个假设也不成立。

Chapter vi of Professor Carver's Distribution of Wealth clearly envisages interest as the factor which brings into equilibrium the marginal disutility of waiting with the marginal productivity of capital.

Carver 教授的财富分配第六章清楚将利息设想为使等待的边际负效用与资本的边际生产力达到平衡的因素。

It follows from this definition that the equality of the real wage to the marginal disutility of employment presupposed by the second postulate, realistically interpreted, corresponds to the absence of 'involuntary' unemployment.

从这个定义可以看出，实际工资等于第二个假设所预设的就业边际负效用，从现实的角度解释，对应于不存在“非自愿”失业。

The insufficiency of effective demand will inhibit the process of production in spite of the fact that the marginal product of labour still exceeds in value the marginal disutility of employment.

尽管劳动的边际产品在价值仍然超过就业的边际负效用，但有效需求的不足将抑制生产过程。

For there may be no method available to labour as a whole whereby it can bring the wage-goods equivalent of the general level of money wages into conformity with the marginal disutility of the current volume of employment.

因为对于整个劳动而言，可能没有任何方法可以使相当于一般货币工资水平的工资品与当前就业量的边际负效用相一致。

Now, in so far as the classical theory assumes that real wages are always equal to the marginal disutility of labour and that the latter increases when employment increases, so that the labour supply will fall off; cet.

现在，就经典理而言，假设实际工资总是等于劳动的边际负效用，并且后者随着就业增加而增加，因此劳动力供给会下降； cet。

Disutility must be here understood to cover every kind of reason which might lead a man, or a body of men, to withhold their labour rather than accept a wage which had to them a utility below a certain minimum.

在这里，负效用必须被理解为涵盖可能导致一个人或一群人拒绝他们的劳动而不是接受对他们来说效用低于某个最低限度的工资的各种原因。

Thus the volume of employment is not determined by the marginal disutility of labour measured in terms of real wages, except in so far as the supply of labour available at a given real wage sets a maximum level to employment.

因此，就业量不是由以实际工资衡量的劳动力的边际负效用决定的，除非在给定实际工资下可用的劳动力供应设定了就业的最高水平。