On the dualist view, what was death?

二元论认为 什么是？

Catharism was dualist, which meant they saw the world as caught in an eternal struggle between good, which was the spirit, and evil, which was the flesh, and the church was on the evil side.

卡特里派是二元论，这意味着他们认为世界陷入了一场永恒的斗争，善是精神，恶是肉，而教会站在邪恶的一边。

It's not the only view available to physicalists or, for that matter, dualists.

这不是物理主义者或是，二元论者的唯一观点。

The alternative view that we're going to consider is not dualist, but monist.

另一个观点我们就不再考虑二元论 而是一元论。

I'm going to have in mind this dualist view according to which the soul is something immaterial, nonphysical.

我会采用二元论思路 因为他们认为灵魂是非物 非物理的。

The dualist position is that the mind is a soul and the soul is an immaterial object.

二元论认为心灵就是灵魂而灵魂是一种非物。

That's something a physicalist or dualist can say.

这或许是物理主义者或是二元论者的观点。

Zarathustra was likely revising an existing polytheistic religion into what would become a dualist one.

琐罗亚斯德很可能正在将一种现有的多神教改造为即将形成的二元论宗教。

So he's almost like a freaking Cartesian dualist here.

所以他在某种程度上几乎像个疯狂的笛卡尔二元论者。

And this is no surprise if what we are is the workings of our physical brains, but it is extremely difficult to explain if one is a dualist.

如果我们是我们肉大脑的运作，这就不足为奇了，但如果一个人是二元论者，就很难解释。

We say that Descartes is a dualist, which means that he effects a sharp division between the reality of thought and extended reality.

我们说笛卡尔是一个二元论者，这意味着他在思想的现和扩展的现之间进行了严格的划分。

Doctors find no anatomical differences between male and female brains, not that this would be decisive to a Cartesian dualist anyway.

医生们发现男性和女性的大脑在解剖学上并无差异， 不过即便如此，对于一个笛卡尔二元论者来说， 这也不是决定性的因素。

And in passing, the finest dualist in Europe.

顺便 也是欧洲决斗之冠。

I think it ultimately connects to that sense of experience that dualists tend to believe in.

我认为这最终与二元论者倾向于相信的那种经验感有关。

This is why I said, you know, he's more of a Kantian dualist in terms of, yes, there's the realm of the biological, the causal, and then there's the realm of the spiritual, which is somehow runs in parallel to that.

这就是为什么我说， 你知道， 他在某种程度上更像是一位康德式的二元论者，因为确存在生物学的、因果的领域，同时也有一个精神领域，这两个领域在某种程度上是并行不悖的。

More specifically, dualists like Descartes struggle to explain how a physical body connects to an immaterial soul.

更具地说，像笛卡尔这样的二元论者努力解释肉如何与非物灵魂联系起来。