They extend from the cranium and sacrum where they start, out to the lungs or liver or bladder — wherever their effector is — where they reach their ganglion.

它们从颅骨和骶骨开始，延伸到肺、肝或——论它们的效应器在哪里——它们会抵达神经节。

However, Legionella has a type IVB secretion system, which uses effector proteins to prevent phagolysosomal fusion.

但是，军团菌有套IVB分泌系统，会利用效应蛋白阻碍吞噬体和溶酶体的融合。

Those postganglionic neurons then carry the action potential to the effector organs — in this case, let's say your leg muscles, which are going to need an influx of blood if they're going to hustle you out of that house.

节后神经元然后将动作电位传递到效应器官——在这种情况下，比方说你的腿部肌肉，果它们要把你赶出房子，它们需要大量的血液。

But they do have a lot of distance to cover, on the other side of the ganglion, in order to reach their effectors. So naturally the fibers leading out of the ganglia are a lot longer.

但是它们确实有很长的距离要覆盖，在神经节的另边，为了到达它们的效应器。所以自然地，从神经节延伸出来的纤维要长得多。

Since parasympathetic ganglia are so close to, or even inside of, their effector organs, the preganglionic fibers are a lot longer.

由于副交感神经节此接近其效应器官甚至在它们的内部，节前纤维要长得多。

Well, it all depends on the particular kind of receptors that an effector has for receiving that chemical.

嗯，这完全取决于效应器接收这种化学物质的特定受体。

For now you learned that your sympathetic nervous system controls your body's stress response and how the signals in your sympathetic nervous system travel to an effector, using the neurotransmitters acetylcholine in the ganglion and norepinephrine at the effector.

现在你知道了你的交感神经系统控制你身体的压力反应，以及交感神经系统中的何传递到效应物，使用神经节中的神经递质乙酰胆碱和效应物处的去甲肾上腺素。

And that one, in turn, leads to an effector organ, where it synapses again to create whatever response was signaled — like sending more blood to your skeletal muscles, or making your heart pump faster.

这根神经纤维又导致个效应器官，在那里它再次突触以产生所发出的任何反应——比向骨骼肌输送更多的血液，或者让你的心脏泵速加快。

They found cells with hybrid phenotypes overlapping significantly with traditional resident memory T cells, T-M-E-M, and effector T cells, T-E-F-F.

他们发现了具有混合表型的细胞，这些表型与传统的驻留记忆T细胞（T-M-E-M）和效应T细胞（T-E-F-F）显着重叠。

And an effector is just any structure that receives and reacts to a motor neuron's signal, like a muscle contracting or a gland secreting a hormone.

效应器只是任何接收运动神经元并做出反应的结构，就像肌肉收缩或腺体分泌激素样。

Finally, the integration center sends signals to effectors, which then act to restore homeostatic balance.

最后，整合中心向效应器发送，然后效应器采取行动恢复体内平衡。

When they looked closely at the lymphoid cells, so the T cells and NK cells, the natural killer cells, they found notably lower effector states.

当他们仔细观察淋巴细胞，即T细胞和自然杀伤细胞（NK细胞）时，发现其效应状态明显降低。

Efferent neurons transmit signals from the CNS to the effector cells and are sometimes called motor neurons.

传出神经元将来自CNS的传递到效应细胞，有时为运动神经元。

It's up to those neurotransmitters and hormones, and the receptors on the corresponding effectors, to make sure that everyone is on the same page.

这取决于那些神经递质和激素，以及相应效应器上的受体，确保大家都保持着统的步调。

And third, even if some immune response starts to get organized, the TME hypoxia steps in to shut it down by crippling the function of the tertiary lymphoid structures, favoring suppressive tregs over effector T cells.

第三，即使某些免疫反应开始组织起来，肿瘤微环境的缺氧状态也会通过破坏三级淋巴结构的功能来将其扼杀，从而有利于调节性T细胞而非效应T细胞。

The sympathetic nervous system is set up in such a way that even a small stress signal sent down one path could trigger a response in many effectors at once.

交感神经系统是这样建立的，即使是沿着条路径发出的微小压力也能同时触发许多效应器的反应。

Once the integration center interprets the signal, it transmits the message to motor neurons, which send an action potential back down your leg, where it reaches an effector.

旦整合中心解释了，它就会将息传输到运动神经元，运动神经元将动作电位发送回你的腿，到达效应器。

Shifting focus from the adaptive T-cell targets to these innate effectors seems key.

将关注点从适应性T细胞靶点转向这些先天效应细胞似乎至关重要。

In the case of norepinephrine, its effector is smooth muscle — the muscle that controls all of your involuntary functions of hollow organs, like the stomach, and bladder, and also your blood vessels.

就去甲肾上腺素而言，它的效应器是平滑肌——控制所有中空器官意识功能的肌肉，比胃、，还有你的血管。

But key effector molecules, the things T cells use to kill target cells, like granzyme B, GZMB, and perforin, were significantly enriched in these HMW aggregates.

然而，关键的效应分子——T细胞用于杀伤靶细胞的物质，粒酶B（GZMB）和穿孔素，在这些高分子量聚集体中显着富集。