Dr Schwartz and his team coaxed embryonic stem cells to become retinal pigment epithelium tissue which supports the rod and cone cells that actually respond to light

他的团队诱导胎干细胞为视网膜色素上皮组织细胞－其中的杆细胞及锥晶细胞对光线敏感。

Campaigners hope the developed embryonic cells can repair damaged tissues and cure diseases. James Gallagher has more.

支持者希望发达胎细胞能修复受损组织并治愈疾病。詹姆斯·加拉赫报道。

Medulloblastomas originate from embryonic stem cells and they tend to be extremely aggressive.

髓母细胞瘤来源于胎干细胞，它们往往极具侵袭性。

So we started with a set of nearly 50 different specifications that we generated from experimental observations of embryonic stem cells.

我们从一套大约有 50 个不同的技术规范开始，这些是我们从对 ES 细胞的实验观察值中得出的。

They all spring from the same embryonic cells, and their structures are dominated, not by cells, but by an extracellular matrix full of fibers.

它们都来自相同的胎细胞，它们的构并不是由细胞主导，而是由充满纤维的细胞外基质主导。

Until now, two kinds of stem cells of human sources have been known: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

目前已知的人类干细胞有两种：胎干细胞和体干细胞。

These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells that scientists have changed to behave like embryonic stem cells.

这些细胞可以是普通的表皮、脂肪、肝或者其他种类的细胞，而科学家们已经能够将它们转变为具有胎干细胞功能的细胞。

Gastrulation is a vital development stage in which embryonic cells become primed to form different organs and tissues.

原肠是一个至关重要的发育阶段，胎细胞在此期间准备好不同的器官和组织。

Geron, just last year, started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.

杰龙去年开始第一次尝试用人类的胎干细胞治疗脊髓疾病。

So we wanted to understand the biological program running inside an embryonic stem cell, and understanding the computation performed by a living system starts with asking a devastatingly simple question: What is it that system actually has to do?

所以我们想要了解在 ES 细胞中运行的生物程序，而且，了解该生物系统中所运行的计算始于提出一个极为简单的问题：这个系统到底需要做什么？

Japanese researchers have grown teeth and even organs with embryonic stem cells from rats and mice.

日本研究人员已经利用老鼠和小鼠的胎干细胞培育出了牙齿和胰腺、肾脏等器官。

In November, for example, a company in California cancelled what had been the first trial of human embryonic stem cells, in those with spinal injuries.

例如，去年11，一家位于加州的公司取消了原定的首例人胎干细胞在脊髓损伤者身上的试验。

It is ending (or selling, if it can find a buyer) a project that was testing embryonic stem cells as a treatment for people paralysed by injuries to their spinal cords.

该公司准备停止（或出售，若是它找到了买家）一个项目，该项目原本要测试胎干细胞治疗由于脊髓受伤而瘫痪的患者的效果。

1981 Martin Evans and Matt Kaufman, biologists at the University of Cambridge, successfully culture embryonic stem cells from mice.

1981年，剑桥大学的生物学家马丁·埃文斯和马特·考夫曼功培养出小鼠的胎干细胞。

In 2011 Yoshiki Sasai of the RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, in Kobe, showed how mouse embryonic stem cells, if mixed with a few appropriate growth factors, quickly form a three-dimensional cluster made of the precursor cells to neurons.

左使良树（Yoshiki Sasai）任职于神户（Kobe）的理化研究所发育生物学中心（RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology）。他于2011年发表论文，阐述了老鼠胎干细胞在给予一些适当的生长因子后，快速一个三维立体簇物的过程。

In this process, embryonic cells begin self-organizing into the correct structure for an embryo.

在这个过程中，胎细胞开始自我组织正确的胎构。

I think scientists died because they were working on embryonic stem cells.

我认为有科学家因研究胎干细胞而丧生。

Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually – and when they take the asexual route, usually in harsh conditions, they produce a tiny bundle of embryonic cells called a gemmule.

海绵既能进行有性繁殖也能进行无性繁殖——而在进行无性繁殖时，通常是在恶劣条件下， 它们会产生一个称为芽的微型胎细胞团。

In experiments, researchers showed they could make embryonic stem cells become lung tissue. They used proteins that tell the body's master cells to become lung tissue.

在实验中，研究人员展示了他们可以让胎干细胞变肺组织。他们使用了能够指示身体的主细胞变肺组织的蛋白质。

2010. A spinal injury patient in the US is the first to receive medical treatment derived from human embryonic stem cells.

2010年，美国一名脊髓损伤患者为首位接受源自人类胎干细胞医疗治疗的人。