Medulloblastomas originate from embryonic stem cells and they tend to be extremely aggressive.

髓母细胞瘤来源于胚胎干细胞，它们往往极具侵袭性。

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

我对干细胞研究很多, 胚胎干细胞尤其强大。

Campaigners hope the developed embryonic cells can repair damaged tissues and cure diseases. James Gallagher has more.

支持者希望发达胚胎细胞能修复受损组织并治。詹姆斯·加拉赫报道。

Japanese researchers have grown teeth and even organs with embryonic stem cells from rats and mice.

日本研究人员已经利用老鼠和小鼠胚胎干细胞培育出了牙齿和胰腺、肾脏等器官。

Surgeons in London have used human embryonic stem cells in a pioneering attempt to cure blindness.

伦敦外科医生利用人类胚胎干细胞治失明。

Gastrulation is a vital development stage in which embryonic cells become primed to form different organs and tissues.

原肠胚形成是一个至关重要发育阶段，胚胎细胞在此期间准备好形成不同器官和组织。

These are regular skin, fat, liver, or other cells that scientists have changed to behave like embryonic stem cells.

这些细胞可以是普通表皮、脂肪、肝或者其他种类细胞，而科学家们已经能够将它们转变为具有胚胎干细胞功能细胞。

Geron, just last year, started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.

年开始第一次尝试用人类胚胎干细胞治疗脊髓。

Until now, two kinds of stem cells of human sources have been known: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

目前已知人类干细胞有两种：胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。

So we started with a set of nearly 50 different specifications that we generated from experimental observations of embryonic stem cells.

我们从一套大约有 50 个不同技术规范开始，这些是我们从对 ES 细胞实验观察值中得出。

In this process, embryonic cells begin self-organizing into the correct structure for an embryo.

在这个过程中，胚胎细胞开始自我组织成正确胚胎结构。

They all spring from the same embryonic cells, and their structures are dominated, not by cells, but by an extracellular matrix full of fibers.

它们都来自相同胚胎细胞，它们结构并不是由细胞主导，而是由充满纤维细胞外基质主导。

In November, for example, a company in California cancelled what had been the first trial of human embryonic stem cells, in those with spinal injuries.

例如，年11月，一家位于加州公司取消了原定首例人胚胎干细胞在脊髓损伤者身上试验。

Dr Schwartz and his team coaxed embryonic stem cells to become retinal pigment epithelium tissue which supports the rod and cone cells that actually respond to light

他团队诱导胚胎干细胞成为视网膜色素上皮组织细胞－其中杆细胞及锥晶细胞对光线敏感。

In experiments, researchers showed they could make embryonic stem cells become lung tissue. They used proteins that tell the body's master cells to become lung tissue.

在实验中，研究人员表明他们可以使胚胎干细胞变成肺组织。他们使用告诉身体主细胞变成肺组织蛋白质。

Emily Book reports, the American researchers were trying to prove that it's possible to use the cloning technology to make embryonic stem cells that match patient's DNA.

美国研究人员试图证明利用克隆技术制造匹配胚胎干细胞是可能。

It is ending (or selling, if it can find a buyer) a project that was testing embryonic stem cells as a treatment for people paralysed by injuries to their spinal cords.

该公司准备停止（或出售，若是它找到了买家）一个项目，该项目原本要测试胚胎干细胞治疗由于脊髓受伤而瘫痪患者效果。

Sponges can reproduce both sexually and asexually – and when they take the asexual route, usually in harsh conditions, they produce a tiny bundle of embryonic cells called a gemmule.

海绵可以进行有性繁殖和无性繁殖——当它们采取无性繁殖方式时，通常是在恶劣条件下， 它们会产生一小束称为胚珠胚胎细胞。

In 2011 Yoshiki Sasai of the RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology, in Kobe, showed how mouse embryonic stem cells, if mixed with a few appropriate growth factors, quickly form a three-dimensional cluster made of the precursor cells to neurons.

左使良树（Yoshiki Sasai）任职于神户（Kobe）理化研究所发育生物学中心（RIKEN Centre for Developmental Biology）。他于2011年发表论文，阐述了老鼠胚胎干细胞在给予一些适当生长因子后，快速形成一个三维立体簇集物过程。

So we wanted to understand the biological program running inside an embryonic stem cell, and understanding the computation performed by a living system starts with asking a devastatingly simple question: What is it that system actually has to do?

所以我们想要了解在 ES 细胞中运行生物程序，而且，了解该生物系统中所运行计算始于提出一个极为简单问题：这个系统到底需要做什么？