But if you think about the area that the twin study was involved in things like say, identifying what might be epigenetic damage to the geno that might proceed the development of mutations that could lead to cancer risk.

但是如果你想想双生子研究涉及的领域，比如，确定引起基因表损伤加快基因突从而导致患癌风险的因素。

These changes can happen during a lifetime, and may even be passed to offspring — but so far researchers are conflicted over whether epigenetic modifications can really persist over many generations and lead to lasting changes in populations.

适应的是终生的，甚至可能给后代。但到目前为止，研究者仍在争论表修饰造成的是否可以给多代后代，对族群造成长久的影响。

These what-are-called epigenetic changes signal to the muscles to, well, tone up.

这些所谓的表现信号会使肌肉更强壮。

And the exciting thing about epigenetics is even though every cell in your body has essentially the same DNA, your epigenetics is what gives cells their identity, it's what makes a skin cell different from a brain cell.

而表学令人兴奋的方是，即使你体内的每个细胞都具有基本相同的 DNA，但你的表学是赋予细胞身份的东西，正是它导致了皮肤细胞与脑细胞不同。

Well, a recent UCLA study used epigenetics to propose that everyone has a gay gene, but it's whether or not the attachment of a methyl group to specific regions of DNA is triggered and turns it on.

加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)最近的一项研究利用表学提出，每个人都有一个同性恋基因，但关键是一个甲基对DNA特定区域的连接是否被触发并激活。

And — as Sarah Merrill, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia, has studied — there is an epigenetic influence, or how our social relationships in early life change the expression of our genes.

而且如英属哥伦比亚大学的博士后 Sarah Merrill 曾研究过的那样，存在表的影响，或者说我们早期生活中社会关系如何改了基因表达。

While we have been able to connect specific epigenetic changes to health effects in mice, we're a long way off from being able to make those connections in humans.

虽然我们已经能够将特定的表与小鼠的健康影响联系起来，但我们离能够在人类身上建立这些联系还有很长的路要走。

To the extent that epigenetic marking is involved in creating social status, then, status may be being maintained by the animal's cells as they replicate.

从此意义上讲，后天标记参与社会位的形成，社会位的维持靠动物细胞的复制。

Epigenetics. It's basically the set of processes that turn parts of the genome on or off. And this normally happens is through something called DNA methylation.

答案是表学。它是一系列可以打开或关闭部分基因组的过程，通常通过一种叫做DNA甲基的方式发生。

In the word " epigenetic" , " epi" means outside of, and " genetic" refers to the DNA sequence of A's, C's, G's, and T's.

（表）这个词中，“epi”表示在...外面，“genetic”表示A、T、C、G组成的DNA序列。

Most of epigenetic research has really focused on stress, anxiety, depression -- kind of a downer, kind of bad things.

大多数的表学研究都集中在压力，焦虑，抑郁上—某种负面情绪，某种不好的事情。

Which genes are active in a cell can be changed by making chemical alterations (known as epigenetic markers) to their DNA.

细胞中哪些基因是活跃的，这是能够通过修改DNA的学成分（表学标志物）而改的。

Scientists often use genetics and epigenetics to identify genes that might be linked to developing cute features and babies.

科学家经常使用学和表学来识别可能与可爱特征和婴儿发育有关的基因。

These switches, called " epigenetic tags, " are why a kidney cell looks and acts differently than a skin or nerve cell, even though all three cells' have identical DNA.

这些开关被称为 “表标记”，这就是为什么就算有相同的 DNA，肾细胞的外和功能都不同于皮肤细胞或神经元细胞。

But more research on the genetic and epigenetic factors of homosexuality will decrease homophobic laws around the world by further proving that being gay is not a choice.

但更多关于同性恋的和表因素的研究将进一步证明同性恋不是一种选择，从而减少世界各的恐同法律。

So we actually see specific epigenetic changes, so these chemical changes that occur as a function of age, we can measure them.

所以我们实际上看到了特定的表，所以这些作为衰老功能的学，我们可以测量它们。

The epigenetic changes caused by one single mother rat were passed down to many generations of rats after her.

一个鼠妈妈导致的表异会被递给她后面的好几代老鼠。

So epigenetic silencing of a gene means turning it off while keeping the DNA sequence itself the same.

基因的表沉默是指，在DNA核苷酸序列不的情况下，抑制基因的表达。

Most epigenetic marks are erased when egg and sperm cells are formed.

当卵子和精子细胞形成时， 大多数表徵的标记会被去除。

And this silencing of the maternal copies is an epigenetic process.

这种母源基因的沉默是一种表学过程。