These include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

种类有葡萄、果和半。

There are oligosaccharides like galacto-oligosaccharides which are short chains of galactose molecules like those found in soybeans.

聚半就是一种寡，在大豆中含量较高，是由数个半分子结合形成短链分子。

Finally, there's the monosaccharide, galactose, known as milk sugar.

最后还有一种叫半，常与相提并论。

Just like that galactose has become just one more glucose molecule in the liver.

半通过这种方式变成了可供肝脏利用葡萄。

Now, lactose is a dye saccharide sugar, meaning it's composed of two simple sugar building blocks, glucose and galactose.

是一种染料，这意味着它由两个简块组成，葡萄和半。

It’s called galactose oligosaccharide, also known as the Gal antigen.

它被称为聚半，也称为Gal抗原。

A molecular mass of 180 could be either the glucose, galactose or fructose.

分子量为 180 可能是葡萄、半或果。

Among these are serine and threonine residues which are O-linked glycosylated, meaning they have a sugar molecule, specifically galactose, attached to their oxygen.

其中有丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基，是o链基，这意味着它们氧上有一个分子，半居多。

Now, metabolism of galactose has an initial step where an enzyme in the liver converts galactose into glucose - basically flipping the orientation of the OH group on the 4th carbon.

半代谢第一步是在肝脏中，通过酶作用，将半转为葡萄，其实就是把半4号碳上-OH键调个方向。

Lactose on the other hand has a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond, meaning that carbon 1 of galactose and carbon 4 of glucose are bonded, but this time the molecules are stacked with one higher than the other.

中苷键为β-1，4苷键，即半分子1号碳与葡萄分子4号碳以苷键相连，β代表了两个分子上下交叠，一高一。

For example, in honey 50% of the sugar is fructose, 44% is glucose, 4% is galactose, 2% is maltose; whereas in maple syrup less than 1% of the sugar is fructose, 3% is glucose, and 96% is sucrose.

举个例子，蜂蜜中含有50%果、44%葡萄、4%半与2%麦芽；而枫浆中，果含量不到1%，葡萄仅占3%，其余96%都是蔗。