But usually, it came from the gallstones of a buffalo.

但通常，它来自水牛的。

Well, actually pigmented gallstones are made of unconjugated bilirubin.

然而，事红素是由非合红素构成的。

She's treating 175 cats with ailments from leukemia to kidney failure to gallstones.

她收留并照顾了175只猫咪，这些猫咪有的得了白血病，有的得了肾衰竭或者。

They took me to the hospital and they did some tests and they said, Well, you have gallstones.

他们把我送去医院，做了些检查，他们说，你得了。

OK, so when you have these gallstones, do they give you medicine? Do they remove them through surgery?

好，那你被确诊为以后，他们有给你开药吗？还是他们做手拿掉了？

Almost all cases of acute cholecystitis though, about 90%, clear up after about a month and the gallstone dislodges.

但几乎所有的急性囊炎的病例，大概90%，都能够在一个月左右痊愈并排出。

If the gallstone dislodges, the inflammation can clear up.

一旦疏通，炎症就会散。

And while it is not directly diagnostic, you can also use ultrasound to look for offending gallstones if they are suspected.

虽然不能直接用作诊断，也可以在怀疑有的情况下借助超声波来寻找。

The two leading causes of acute pancreatitis are alcohol abuse and gallstones.

引起急性胰腺炎的两个主要原因是酒精滥用和。

It's possible though, that gallstones get stuck again, and then dislodge, and then get stuck again, and dislodge, and so on.

不过，在后续还有可能再次发生类似的嵌塞和排出，周而复始。

Mr. Mandela who is 94 spent 18 days in hospital in December to receive treatment for a lung infection and gallstones.

如今94岁的曼德拉去年12月入院治疗18天，进行肺部感染和治疗。

Alright, so the other type is bilirubin or pigmented gallstones.

红素，或称色素。

With fewer red blood cells to deliver oxygen to your organs, hemolytic anemia can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, gallstones and jaundice.

血红细胞供氧不足，会导致溶血性贫血，全身无力，呼吸短促，心肌梗塞，脸色发黄。

Currently in the hospital with gallstones.

现在正因为住院治疗?

I would now equate the risk of this type of surgery with having an operation to remove gallstones.

我现在会将这种手的风险比作摘除的手风险。

Finally, if there is a mechanical obstruction from a gallstone, then it might require emergency surgery.

最后，如果导致机械性梗阻，可能需要急诊手。

Since they're made partly of calcium, they'll usually be radiopaque, meaning you can see them on x-ray, here's an example showing pigmented gallstones on x-ray.

因为红素部分由钙组成，故它们无法透过射线，意味着可在X光片看到这些，这里是一个色素在X射线下显影的例子。

Risk factors for developing gallstones include things like female sex, obesity, pregnancy, and age, sometimes remembered by the 4 F's—female, fat, fertile, and forty.

形成的危险因素包括女性、肥胖、怀孕、年龄，记忆方法为4个F。

If the other organ is the small intestine, then this is called a cholecystoenteric fistula, and the fistula becomes a direct route for gallstones to enter the bowel.

如果脏器是小肠，叫做囊小肠瘘；瘘管形成了一个可以让直接进入小肠的通道。

If the gallstone is brown pigmented, it's often a sign of gallbladder or biliary tract infection, and often the stones have even ventured outside gallbladder and into the bile ducts.

如果是褐色的，它通常是囊或道感染的征兆，并且通常此类有脱出囊并进入管的风险。