1.Chapter 1: Recent progress on squamate mitochondrial genome was reviewed.

1.对爬行动物线粒体基因组的研究进展进行了综述。

2.That genal genome may lead to better treatment and control of diseaesthe disease.

2.那些基因组能带来比较好的治病的控制。

3.In contrast to homoploid hybrid species,polyploid species are easily diagnosed because of chromosome number changes associated with genome doubling.

3.与同倍杂合体物种相比，因为与基因组加倍相关的染色体数目的变化,多倍杂合体物种很容易判断。

4.Here we present the first genome-wide, single-base-resolution maps of methylated cytosines in a mammalian genome, from both human embryon...

4.DNA cytosine methylation is a central epigenetic modification that has essential roles in cellular processes including genome regulation, development and disease.

5.Geminiviruses are a group of plant viruses occurred worldwide and characterized by their unique twinned particles, which encapsidate a circular single-stranded DNA genome.

5.双生病毒是一类世界范围内广泛发生的具有孪生颗粒形的植物单链DNA病毒,近年来已在多种作物上造成毁灭性危害,给作物生产造成了严重损失。

6.Microsatellite marker has many advantages such as a great quantity, extensive dispersion around the genome, high polyomorphism, Mendelian codominant inheritance, rapid and convenient detection.

6.微卫星标记具有数量多、在基因组中分布广、多性丰富、呈孟德尔共显性遗性、检方便等特点。

7.In the present study, by using data generated from hundreds of mtDNA sequences, we revalue the deuterostome phylogeny in terms of whole mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes).

7.本研究中，我们分析了数百个线粒体DNA序列，并以此重构了基于线粒体基因组的后口动物系统发生关系。

8.Cloning is the process that an offspring which has the same genomes with matriline is procreated by using agamogenesis technology.And Cloning technology is an important technology in life science.

8.克隆是利用生物技术由无性生殖产生与原个体有完全相同基因组之后代的过程，它是现代生命科学的一项重要技术。

9.Alternatively, a new version of a gene can also be created through reverse transcription: during gene expression, the mRNA is copied back into a sequence of DNA that is inserted into the genome.

9.其二，新的基因复本也可能透过反转录作用，将基因表现出来的mRNA反转录成DNA序列，再插回基因组内，这种现象称为反转录移位（retrotransposition），发生在细胞内称为长散布核因子（LINE）的转位子活动时。

10.NUMBER OF ANTIVIRALS on sale and under study operate after uncoating, when the viral genome, which can take the form of DNA or RNA, is freed for copying and directing the production of viral proteins.

10.有些已上市或研发中的抗病毒药剂，作用在病毒脱壳后的阶段，此时病毒的基因组（可能是DNA或RNA）已释放出来，准备进行复制并引导病毒蛋白质的合成。