One of the biochemical changes many tumors cause is a large increase in an energy-generating process called glycolysis.

许多肿瘤引起的化学变化之一是称为糖酵解的能产过程的大增加。

When energy is needed - all three monosaccharides are metabolized through glycolysis, then the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

当机体需要能时，三种单糖就会通过糖酵解、三羧酸循环、氧化磷酸化进行能。

Now, normally glycolysis in the cell uses up a lot of phosphate, but this lower pH tends to inhibit glycolysis.

通常细胞内的糖酵解会消耗大的磷酸盐，但这个较低的pH值往往会抑制糖酵解。

And the process is glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and then finally the electron transport chain.

这个过程括糖酵解、克雷布斯循环，最后是电子传递链。

Comparative RNA-seq revealed a prominent anaerobic glycolysis gene expression signature.

比较RNA-seq揭示了明显的无氧糖酵解基因表达特征。

A specific one I'm going to talk about today is called glycolysis.

天我要讨论的一个具体过程叫做糖酵解。

And so the parts of cellular respiration, the first part is called glycolysis.

因此，细胞呼吸作用的部分，第一部分称为糖酵解。

He and another scientist, Archibald Hill, correctly figured out the steps of glycolysis that led to higher levels of lactate in the muscles.

他和另一位科学家阿奇博尔德·希尔正确地计算出了糖酵解的步骤，即造成肌肉乳酸盐含更高的反应。

Fructose has 6 carbons, and most of it is broken down into two 3-carbon molecules and sent into glycolysis to help generate energy.

果糖有6个碳原子，大部分果糖分子都被分解成3个碳原子的小分子，并进入糖酵解途径，为机体提供能。

You're oxidizing things through the Krebs cycle, you're going through glycolysis, you can now start to pull things in, right?

你正在通过克雷布斯循环氧化质，正在进行糖酵解， 现在你可以开始将质吸入，对吗？

So when glucose has been broken down into pyruvate via glycolysis in the cytosol, it consumes NAD to create NADH.

所以当葡萄糖在细胞质中通过糖酵解分解成丙酮酸时，会消耗烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸来成还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸。

And so let me show you the different steps in glycolysis.

让我为您展示糖酵解的不同步骤。

We release a little bit of ATP in glycolysis and that takes place outside of the mitochondria.

我们在糖酵解过程中释放少ATP，这一过程发在线粒体外部。

And so bacteria for example, use glycolysis just like we do.

因此，例如细菌，和我们一样使用糖酵解。

It's important in glycolysis that you know where we start and where we begin.

在糖酵解过程中，了解我们从哪里开始和从哪里起始是很重要的。

Remember glycolysis is going to take place outside the mitochondria.

记住，糖酵解过程是在线粒体外进行的。

And so the fundamental ways that we utilize energy or get energy and make ATP is through glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

因此，我们利用能或获取能并制造三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的基本方式是通过糖酵解、克雷布斯循环和氧化磷酸化。

So to start glycolysis, which is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, you have to actually add a little bit of ATP.

因此， 要启动糖酵解过程， 即将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸，实际上需要先加入少三磷酸腺苷（ATP）。

He helped figure out many of the steps of glycolysis, which is the series of chemical reactions that cells use to make energy from glucose — aka sugar.

他帮助计算了糖酵解的很多步骤，这是一系列化学反应，细胞可以用此从葡萄糖，即糖中制造能。

This causes intracellular carbon dioxide to freely diffuse out of the cell, raising the cellular pH which stimulates glycolysis, a metabolic process that requires a lot of phosphate.

这会导致细胞内CO2自由扩散到细胞外，提高细胞的pH值，激发糖酵解，一个需要大磷酸盐的过程。