Now, in the blood, each red blood cell has millions of hemoglobin proteins.

在血液中，每个血红细胞都有数血红蛋白。

They are made in the bone marrow and contain a special ion-containing protein called hemoglobin.

它们是在骨髓中形成，含有一种叫做血红蛋白特殊含离子蛋白质。

These disorders are caused by genetic mutations that prevent the normal production of hemoglobin.

这些疾病是由阻止血红蛋白正常产生突变引起。

Now hemoglobin is made up of hemes and globins.

血红蛋白由血红素与珠蛋白构成。

So each hemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules when it's fully saturated.

所以在和时，每一个血红蛋白可以携带四个氧分子。

The illnesses are caused by errors in the gene for hemoglobin.

这些疾病是由血红蛋白缺陷引起。

But the fact is, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen isn't always the same.

但事实是，血红蛋白对氧气亲和力并不总是一样。

Hemoglobin electrophoresis can be done to see which hemoglobin types are present.

血红蛋白电泳可用来鉴别血红蛋白类型。

Finally, the diagnosis is confirmed by genetic testing to look for hemoglobin gene mutations.

最后，可以通过测寻找异常血红蛋白进行确诊。

And each of those hemoglobins can bind to four oxygen molecules.

而一个血红蛋白能与4个氧分子结合。

Carbon monoxide and oxygen compete to bite hemoglobin in your blood, which stresses the circulatory system.

一氧化碳和氧气争先恐后地与血液中血红蛋白结合，这给血液循环系统带来了压力。

Normally, hemoglobin is made up of four globin chains, each bound to a heme group.

正常情况下，血红蛋白由4条珠蛋白链组成，每条珠蛋白链都与一个血红素团结合。

If there are three defective alpha genes, there's moderate disease, called hemoglobin H, or HbH, disease.

如果有3个α异常，则出现中度地中海贫血，即血红蛋白H病（HbH病）。

It says that an increase in carbon dioxide results in hemoglobin proteins releasing oxygen into the tissues.

当血液中二氧化碳增多时，血红蛋白会把红细胞绑定氧气释放到人体组织中去。

Most important among these are oxygen molecules, which bind to the hemoglobin in your red blood cells.

其中最重要就是氧分子，氧分子与红细胞中血红蛋白结合。

Anyway, this one, what does the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin look like, comparing maternal versus fetal.

无论如何，这个，血红蛋白氧解离曲线是什么样子，比较母亲和胎儿。

Sickle cell disease is caused by defective hemoglobin, which is the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

镰状细胞病是由有缺陷血红蛋白引起，后者是红细胞中携氧蛋白。

When red blood cells do not have enough hemoglobin, oxygen doesn't get to all parts of the body.

当红细胞没有足够血红蛋白时，氧气就无法到达身体各个部位。

To treat sickle cell disease, researchers used CRISPR to make the body produce the fetal form of hemoglobin.

为了治疗镰状细胞病，研究人员使用 CRISPR 使身体产生胎儿形式血红蛋白。

The modified cells are then infused back into the body to allow it to start producing functioning hemoglobin.

然后将修改后细胞注入体内，使其开始产生功能正常血红蛋白。