The functionally graded layers are inhomogeneous along the thickness direction, while the piezoelectric layer is homogeneous;both possess material orthotropy.
假设上下功能梯度层的材
厚度连续变化，而压电层则是均匀材，
且它们都是正交各向异性的。
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Although these studies have made progress in solving the deformation problems of shield tunnels under extreme surcharge, they generally fail to account for the inhomogeneous nature of the tunnel structure and the discontinuous deformation at joints.
尽管这些研
在解决极端加长作用下盾构隧道的变形问
取得了进展，但总体上未能解决隧道结构的
匀性和节理处的连续变形问。
铁合金热电极长度上的分布可描述为各态历经的平稳的随机过程。
一定
也各
