So, laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx, something that especially affects children.

因此，laryngitis指的就是的炎症，儿童易感。

Diagnosis of acute laryngitis is mainly based on symptoms.

炎的诊断主要基于症。

For chronic laryngitis, though, laryngoscopy can be useful.

但对于炎，镜很有价值。

Little bit of bad news, Teddy's got some laryngitis.

呃 出了点小况 泰迪咽发炎了。

But Bill's come down with laryngitis.

但比尔得了炎。

Alright, as a quick recap, laryngitis is inflammation of the vocal cords and it causes dysphonia, dysphagia, and dyspnea.

得！快速回顾一下：炎是一种声带的炎症，产生发音困难、吞咽困难、呼吸困难的临床表现。

Generally speaking, for acute laryngitis, the treatment is resting the vocal cords, as well as getting fluids, and pain medications.

对于炎，治疗就是让声带休息、多饮水，以及疼痛处理。

Acute laryngitis usually lasts for less than three weeks, and usually resolves on its own, although antibiotics are helpful for bacterial laryngitis.

炎通常病程不超过3周，具有自限，但抗生素对菌感染炎很有效。

So laryngitis comes down to the three D's: dysphonia, dysphagia, and dyspnea.

我们把炎归纳于3个D：dysphonia发音困难、dysphagia吞咽困难、dyspnea呼吸困难。

In chronic laryngitis the normal columnar cells undergo dysplasia, which is when they transform into squamous epithelium to adapt to the chronic irritation.

炎中，正常胞异型增生转变为鳞上皮胞，来适应刺激。

Acute laryngitis is most common and it's usually due to an upper respiratory tract infection, most often due to a virus.

炎是最常见的，通常由于上呼吸道感染，最常见病因为病毒感染。

Chronic laryngitis is less common and it's associated with allergies, or the result of chronic exposure to irritating agents, like cigarette smoke.

炎相对不常见，与过敏有关，或长期暴露于刺激物的结果，如吸烟。

Finally, there's overuse of the voice, like yelling or a really prolonged karaoke session involving the Beatles, that could lead to both acute and chronic laryngitis.

最后，过度发声，比如大喊大叫，或是长时间唱披头士的卡拉OK，会导致或炎。

Bacterial infections are another cause of acute laryngitis, and sometimes they can develop during or right after a viral infection - that's called a superinfection.

菌感染是炎的另一大常见病因，有时可伴发或继发于病毒感染，即二重感染。

For chronic laryngitis, it's important to treat the underlying issue, for example, using allergy medication, avoiding irritating agents, and using gastroesophageal reflux medications.

对于炎，处理原发病很重要，比如施用抗过敏药物、避开过敏原以及施用抗胃食管反流药物。

In acute laryngitis, the goblet cells to over secrete mucus leading to congestion of the airway, and immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages release chemicals that cause pain and swelling.

炎中，杯胞分泌过多黏液，导致气道阻塞；免疫胞如中粒胞、巨噬胞释放化学物质产生疼痛和肿胀感。

Another complication is when the reflux goes all the way back up to the pharynx, and then into the larynx, in which case it can cause laryngitis or even asthma.

另一个并发症是当反流至咽部，然后进入时，它会引起炎，甚至哮喘。

Reflux laryngitis is another cause of chronic laryngitis and develops in people with severe gastroesophageal reflux disease where acid from the stomach goes all the way up the esophagus into the pharynx.

反流炎是另一个炎的病因，见于严重胃食管反流病的患者：胃酸通过食管，向上进入咽部。

Nanon went to bolt the outer door; then she closed the hall and let loose a wolf-dog, whose bark was so strangled that he seemed to have laryngitis.

娜农去闩外门。然后她关上了大厅，放了一条狼狗，它的叫声被勒死了，好像得了炎。

The main symptoms of laryngitis include hoarse voice or dysphonia, as well as cough, and in severe cases it can lead to difficulty swallowing or dysphagia, because the swollen larynx may compress the esophagus.

炎的主要临床表现为声嘶、咳嗽，严重者可导致吞咽困难，因为水肿会压迫食管。