And leukoplakia specifically relates to a white plaque with no clear underlying cause.

口腔黏膜斑特指没有明确诱因斑块。

These leukoplakias are usually painless but can't be easily scraped away.

这些斑通常不引起疼痛，但不能被轻易刮去。

Early on, these lesions are usually pretty thin, so it's called thin leukoplakia.

在早期，这些变往往较轻，因此可以将其称作薄斑。

Now, the exact cause for leukoplakia is unknown, but a known risk factor is tobacco use.

现在我们还不能明确口腔黏膜斑致因素，但有一个明确高危因素：即烟草使用。

At the cellular level, leukoplakia typically shows a thickened keratin layer.

从细胞学层看，口腔黏膜斑典型现是增厚角质层。

The first one of these is leukoplakia, where leuko- means white and -plakia means a flat, raised patch or plaque.

第一种是口腔黏膜斑：leuko-意为，-plakia意为隆起、整斑块。

Now, a lesion that looks like leukoplakia, but isn't, is an area of frictional keratosis.

如图是一种看起来像口腔黏膜斑，但其实不是损——摩擦性角化。

Signs of precancerous development include areas of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, erythroleukoplakia or any other abnormal appearing tissue or masses.

癌前征象包括口腔黏膜斑、红斑、红斑或出现其它不正常组织或肿块。

These can either go away on their own, remain unchanged, or grow and become thicker, at which point it's called thick leukoplakia.

这类薄斑可能自行消失、保持原状或变厚；一旦变厚，就发展成了厚斑。

However, leukoplakia is considered a precancerous condition, meaning that compared to normal tissue, it's more likely to develop into a cancer in the future.

但是，口腔黏膜斑被认为是一种癌前变，意思是相对于正常组织来说，它在未来发展成癌症可能性更大。

If it becomes bumpy it's called nodular leukoplakia, and if it becomes wart-like it's called verrucous leukoplakia.

如果斑变得凹凸不，便称之为结节状黏膜斑；如果斑形状像疣，则称其为疣状黏膜斑。

Erythroplakias are more serious than leukoplakia because almost always when they are removed and examined under the microscope they will show severe dysplasia, or early cancer.

黏膜红斑要比黏膜斑严重得多，因为在显微镜下观察这些组织时，它们几乎都现出了明显异型增生，或癌变早期征象。

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it's also sometimes called snuff-dipper's cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生性疣状斑可发展成一种特殊鳞状细胞癌，即疣状癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，因为这在鼻烟和其它形式嚼烟使用者中更常见。