In other words, was metallurgy born out of necessity?

换句话说 冶金学是必然产生的吗？

The metallurgy was not all that well known.

冶金学并不是那么为人所知。

I think the Anthropocene started with the invention of bronze, of metallurgy.

我认为人类世始于青铜和冶金的发明。

Now, at the time vanadium metallurgy was cutting edge research, but Henry had an extremely lucky connection: he was friends with the two brothers who owned the one vanadium mine in Peru producing 92% of the world's supply.

当时， 钒冶金是尖端研究，但亨利有一个极其幸运的关系：他与两兄弟是朋友，这两位兄弟拥有秘鲁的一座钒矿， 该矿生产出全球 92% 的钒矿。

Hephaestus voiced his regrets to his elder victim,   but Force told the god of fire and metallurgy not to waste his sentiments over someone who had  earned the wrath of the mighty father of the gods.

赫菲斯托斯向他的年长受害者表达了他的遗憾，但原力告诉火与冶金之神不要将他的感情浪费在一个已经激怒了众神之父的人身上。

Proponents of this theory argue that the artifact was manufactured with modern metallurgy techniques and other technologies that were not available until at least the 20th century.

这一理论的支持者认为，这件人工制品是用现代冶金和其他至少在 20 世纪才出现的制造的。

Fractals are used in, like, everything from predicting natural disasters to metallurgy.

分形体能被用于...万事万物从预测自然灾害到冶金。

Or perhaps later in history, it would require the techniques of metallurgy.

或者在历史的后期 它可能需要冶金。

Before metallurgy, you couldn't really do colonial warfare.

在冶金出现之前，殖民战争实际上是无法进行的。

A New World example of technological diffusion is metallurgy, which spread from the Andes via Panama to Mesoamerica.

新世界播的一个例子是冶金，它从安第斯山脉经巴拿马播到中美洲。

Once the Industrial Revolution got underway, improved metallurgy and mass production techniques resulted in the dip pen.

工业革命开始后，改进的冶金和大规模生产导致了蘸水笔的出现。

Of those advances—in paper, movable type, metallurgy, presses, inks, and scripts—paper and the idea of movable type reached Europe from China.

在纸张、活字印刷、冶金、印刷机、油墨和文字等方面的进步中，纸张和活字印刷的想法是从中国到欧洲的。

Well, the problem, there's been an ongoing research dispute in Africa over whether or not iron metallurgy is indigenous or not, and this has been going on since the 1970s.

好吧，问题在于，自上世纪70年代以来，非洲一直在进行一场关于铁器冶炼是否为本土起源的研究争议。

Bones of domestic animals were important raw materials for artifacts of Neolithic peoples before the development of metallurgy.

在冶金尚未发展之前，家畜的骨是新石器时代人们制作器物的重要原料。

Instead, iron ore metallurgy grew out of thousands of years of human experience with natural outcrops of pure metals soft enough to be hammered into shape without heat (copper and gold).

相反，铁矿石冶金源自人类数千年的经验，天然露的纯金属足够柔软，无需加热即可锤炼成型（铜和金）。

Key hallmarks of this transition included the development of agriculture, metallurgy, complex technology, centralized government, and writing.

这一转变的主要标志包括农业、冶金、复杂、中央集权政府和文字的发展。

That faster spread of Eurasian agriculture, compared with that of Native American and sub-Saharan African agriculture, played a role (as the next part of this book will show) in the more rapid diffusion of Eurasian writing, metallurgy, technology, and empires.

与美洲原住民和撒哈拉以南非洲农业相比，欧亚农业的播速度更快，这在欧亚文字、冶金、和帝国的更快播中发挥了作用（正如本书的下一部分将展示的那样）。

As an illustration of the latter obstacle, pottery and iron metallurgy arose in or reached sub-Saharan Africa's Sahel zone (north of the equator) at least as early as they reached western Europe.

作为后一个障碍的例证，陶器和铁冶金至少早在到达西欧时就在撒哈拉以南非洲的萨赫勒地区（赤道以北）出现或到达。

In both the Fertile Crescent and China, iron objects became common only after about 2,000 years of experience of bronze metallurgy.

在新月沃地和中国，经过大约2000年的青铜冶炼经验，铁器才变得普遍。

However, pottery did not reach the southern tip of Africa until around A.D.1, and metallurgy had not yet diffused overland to the southern tip by the time that it arrived there from Europe on ships.

然而，陶器直到公元1年左右才到达非洲南端，当冶金从欧洲乘船到达那里时，冶金还没有通过陆路播到南端。