In almost all species, mitochondrial DNA is passed down from only one parent.

在几乎所有物种中，线粒体 DNA 只从父母一方下。

The advantage of studying mitochondrial DNA is that it is not shuffled around by sex.

研究线粒体DNA优点在于它不会被性别打乱。

Some of these are congenital, the result of faulty mitochondrial genes.

其中一些是先天性，是由线粒体基因缺陷引起。

Blood tests for Reye's syndrome will be reflective of liver damage and mitochondrial damage.

血液检测能够反映肝脏和线粒体损伤。

And this mitochondrial DNA is specifically inherited from your mom because your dad's degraded immediately after fertilization.

这个线粒体DNA是特别从你妈妈那里遗，因为爸爸在受精后就化了。

Meanwhile, an egg contains thousands of mitochondria, each containing multiple copies of the mitochondrial DNA.

同时，一个卵含有成千万线粒体，每个都含有多组线粒体 DNA。

So oftentimes in very degraded samples or in bone, there's more mitochondrial DNA left than there is nuclear DNA.

因此，在强降解样本或骨骼中，线粒体 DNA 残留量通常比核 DNA 多。

We know this because of tests on mitochondrial DNA.

我们知道这一点是因为对线粒体 DNA 测试。

Expanding our knowledge of human ancestry by reaching beyond mitochondrial DNA's matrilineal limits.

扩展我们对人类祖先认识，超越线粒体DNA母系限制。

A study in 2008 compared the mitochondrial DNA from both modern and fossil tuatara bones.

一项2008年研究比较了现代和化石楔齿蜥骨骼线粒体DNA。

And they looked at mitochondrial DNA, proteins, ribosomal RNA.

他们研究了线粒体DNA、蛋白质、核糖体RNA。

So we believe that when sirtuins are activated, they're improving mitochondrial biogenesis.

因此，我们认为，当SIRT蛋白被激活时，它们能促进线粒体生物发生，即线粒体生成与功能提升。

And then the third one is mitochondrial function.

然后第三个是线粒体功能。

You know, it can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis.

你知道吗，它能够刺激线粒体生物发生。

Oxy of stress, chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction.

压力引起应激反应、慢性炎症、线粒体功能障碍。

It increases mitochondrial function for reasons we can talk about.

这能提升线粒体功能，原因我们稍后可以讨论。

And in fact, those neurotransmitters then impact mitochondrial function.

事实，这些神经递质随后会影响线粒体功能。

Sunlight and saunas use infrared light to support healthy mitochondrial function.

阳光与桑拿利用红外线促进线粒体健康功能。

You know, she talks about using mitochondrial therapies, essentially.

你知道，她谈到了使用线粒体疗法，基本就是这样。

Now being environmental sensors, one of the most impactful controllers of mitochondrial function is light.

如今作为环境感器，光是影响线粒体功能最重要调控因素之一。