Smoking can alter the oral microbiota by increasing the acidity of saliva, depleting oxygen, influencing oral baterial adherence to mucosal surfaces, and impairing host immunity.

吸烟能通唾液酸度、消耗氧气含量、影响口腔细菌对黏膜表面的附着、降低宿主免疫力等方式，改变口腔微生物群。

For initial stages, when the cancer has invaded just the mucosa and submucosa, options include esophagectomy, endoscopic tumor resection, or mucosal ablation - which is when the cancerous mucosa is removed by radiofrequency.

早期肿瘤只入侵黏膜和黏膜下层，治疗选择包括食管切除术、内镜下肿瘤切除术或黏膜消融术，即用射频消融被肿瘤侵袭的黏膜。

" So we think that if we could use these phages and how they stick to mucosal surfaces and potentially protect against some of these food-borne outbreaks."

“所以我们认为，如果我们能使用这些噬菌体以及如何附在膜表面的特点来预防一些食源性疾病的爆发。”

So, the innermost epithelial layer of the tube is known as the mucosal layer, and it contains some connective tissue as well, which supplies it with blood.

所以，管子里面的上皮层被称为膜层，它也包含一些结缔组织，为它提供血液。

With each mucosal infection, the glomeruli undergo inflammation and injury, so over time—on the scale of decades—individuals may slowly progress to renal failure.

每一次膜感染，肾小球都会经历炎症和损伤，久而久之，几十年后可能会发展为肾衰竭。

We make our way into inner space: into the human body, where the mucosal miracle lives.

我们走进体内空间：进入人类身体内部，那里生活着膜的奇迹。

Like the rest of the respiratory tract, the walls of the larynx are made up of mucosal epithelium.

和其它呼吸上皮一样，喉的上皮也是黏膜上皮。

Once that bag ruptured, the anthrax would have gone directly into the mucosal tissues of his GI system.

一旦袋子破裂，炭疽菌立刻会进入他的胃膜组织。

The inflammatory response creates mucosal oedema and increase middle ear discharge, eventually leading to tympanic membrane perforation.

炎症反应导致膜水肿，中耳分泌物多，终导致鼓膜穿孔。

In addition to the itchy lesions, painful sores can appear on mucosal surfaces like inside the mouth.

除了发痒的皮损外，黏膜表面可能会出现伴有疼痛的溃疡，例如口腔黏膜的溃疡。

Another approach we could soon see is the use of sniffable or inhalable vaccines – mucosal vaccines.

我们很快就可以看到的另一种方式是使用可嗅或可吸入的疫苗——膜疫苗。

IgA is the main antibody found in breast milk, tears, saliva, and the mucosal secretions of respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the genitourinary tract.

IgA是乳汁、泪液、唾液中多的抗体，也是呼吸黏膜、胃膜、泌尿生殖膜常见的抗体。

But other enzymes are actually bound to cell membranes in the intestinal mucosal layer, and they're reusable.

但是其他酶实际上与膜层的细胞膜结合，它们是可重复使用的。

Mucosal damage can cause inflammation, or esophagitis, which can lead to complications like stenosis and Barrett's esophagus.

膜损伤可引起炎症，即食管炎，这可能导致并发症，比如食管狭窄和Barrett食管。

The inner mucosal layer consists of transitional epithelium, which allows the bladder to expand so it can hold more urine, a handy feature for social mammals like us who prefer dry underwear and peeing in private.

内黏膜层由移行上皮组成，它允许膀胱膨胀，这样它就可以容纳更多的尿液，这对于像我们这样喜欢干内衣和私下撒尿的社交哺乳动物来说是一个方便的特征。

Ischemic and infarcted tissue results in the sloughing off of intestinal mucosal tissue, blood, and mucus into the gut.

缺血及梗死使膜组织脱落，与血液、液一同进入。

Now the mucosal tissue in the oral cavity can undergo several premalignant pathological changes.

口腔内的黏膜组织可经历数种癌前病理变化。

Surrounding the mucosal layer is the submucosal layer, made of loose areolar connective tissue, which helps provide the elasticity that the tube needs when you eat a whole pizza in one sitting, and it contains more blood vessels.

膜层周围是膜下层，由松散的乳晕结缔组织组成，这有助于提供管子所需的弹性（比如说当你一次吃一整块比萨饼时），它包含更多的血管。

Okay, so the intestinal wall, like this one, has lots of ridges and grooves, and also can be separated into the mucosal layer, submucosal layer, muscle layer, and serosa.

好，那壁有很多的脊和槽，像这个图片一样，壁还可以被分成黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜层。

And we've yet to nail down the precise mechanisms behind mucosal destruction.

我们还不能明确膜损伤具体的机制。