So as a quick recap, intrarenal AKI is kidney injury caused by something within the kidneys themselves, which could be the tubules as in acute tubular necrosis, the glomerulus as in glomerulonephritis, or the interstitium as in acute interstitial nephritis.

好！快速回顾一下：肾性急性肾是由肾脏内部引起的急性肾，能是小管，如急性肾小管死；或肾小球，如肾小球肾炎；或肾间质，如急性间质性肾炎。

So, postpartum pituitary gland necrosis is a disorder where cells in a pituitary gland of a new mother start to die - most commonly because excess blood loss during childbirth that leaves those cells without adequate blood flow.

因此，产后脑垂体死是一种生育后妇女的垂体细胞开始出现死亡的疾病，最常见的原因是分娩过程中失血过多，导致这些垂体细胞缺乏血液供应。

Finally, you don't typically see lung cavities, which usually develop in bacterial and fungal pneumonia due to necrosis of the lung tissue later turning into an air-filled cavity.

还有，肺内空洞也很少出现；肺内空洞通常是由于在细菌性和真菌性肺炎中肺组死而发展，最终变了充满空气的空洞。

A more serious presentation is neonatal purpura fulminans, which is when a newborn with protein C or S deficiency suffers massive arterial and venous thromboembolisms with hemorrhagic skin necrosis.

更严重的并发症是新生儿暴发性紫癜，即患有蛋白C和S缺乏症的新生儿出现大量动静脉血栓栓塞及出血性皮肤死。

Since they are previously exposed, the immune system's memory t-cells quickly release cytokines to try and control the new outbreak which forms more areas of caseous necrosis.

因为宿主之前曾经接触过分枝杆菌，免疫系统中的记忆T细胞快速释放细胞因子来试图控制住新一轮疾病的暴发，而这个过程会导致更多的肺部组干酪样死。

The aorta also undergoes cystic medial necrosis, which is where there is degeneration of the tunica media, which is the central portion of the aortic wall.

除此之外，主动脉还会有囊性中层死，即主动脉的中膜发生退行性变；中膜是主动脉壁的中心部分。

In some cases, the nucleus macrophages attack the nucleus pulposus, and start secreting inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor alpha, an interleukin-1, and interleukin-6.

在某些情况下，巨噬细胞会攻击髓核，并分泌炎性因子，比如肿瘤死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1（IL-1）和白细胞介素-6（IL-6）。

Newer therapies called biologics can also be useful, because they block the actions of cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha and the interleukins.

生物制剂治疗这种新疗法同样有效，能阻断TNF-α和IL-1等细胞因子的作用。

In severe cases, blood flow can been completely cut off, which results in myocardial infarction, or the necrosis of a portion of myocardium.

严重的情况下，血流会被完全阻断，引起心肌梗死，即心肌的部分死。

The actions of these cohorts eventually led to severe pulmonary haemorrhage and necrosis – or tissue death – within the bronchi.

这种团伙行动最终导致了严重的肺出血和支气管内的死——或组死亡。

In the case of the Spanish flu, the cells of infected younger patients released a deleterious excess of cytokines, leading to excessive inflammation of the lungs, and more importantly, tissue necrosis.

以西班牙流感为例，受感染的年轻患者的细胞释放了过量的有害细胞因子，导致肺部炎症过重，更重要的是组死。

All right, as a quick recap: compartment syndrome refers to the increased pressure inside the section of the limb that contains muscles, nerves and blood vessels and result in the reduction of blood supply and tissue necrosis.

好！快速回顾一下：骨筋膜室综合征，指包裹着肌肉、神经与血管的四肢各腔室内压力升高，导致血供减少和组死。

At that point T helper cells, or Th1 cells swoop in and release cytokines —which are cell signaling molecules— like interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, which further stimulate the inflammatory response.

在这时，辅助T细胞（Th1细胞）突然加入到炎症反应中并释放细胞因子；这些细胞因子是细胞间信号分子，包括γ干扰素和肿瘤死因子α等；这些细胞因子以进一步促发炎症反应。

Sheehan's syndrome is typically diagnosed by measuring the pituitary hormones levels - which usually fall depending on the severity of the ischemic necrosis.

席汉综合征经常通过测量垂体激素的水平来诊断；激素水平下降的程度，常取决于缺血性死的严重程度。

Both dilation and cystic medial necrosis weaken the aorta, making it susceptible to aneurysm, dissection, and rupture.

不管是扩张或是囊性中层死，这些病变都会使主动脉变得脆弱，更容易动脉瘤、夹层以及破裂。

These happen as necrosis induced hemorrhaging spreads to the soft tissues of those body areas.

这是由于组死诱发的出血扩散到这些部位的软组中。

The underlying mechanism is unclear, but blood vessels show a pattern of lymphocyte infiltration and surrounding tissue necrosis.

主要发病机制尚不清楚，不过受累血管往往见淋巴细胞浸润及周围组死。

If Leptospira gets to the kidneys, it may infect the interstitium, causing interstitial nephritis, or it may cause an inflammatory reaction that damages the renal tubules, resulting in acute tubular necrosis.

如果钩端螺旋体进入肾脏，它会感染肾间质而引起间质性肾炎，也能引发炎性反应肾小管，导致急性肾小管死。

That includes the use of medications like corticosteroids, biologic agents that block the effect of tumor necrosis factor, and even intravenous immunoglobulin which can alter the immune system's activity.

其包括使用皮质类固醇等药物，阻断肿瘤死因子作用的生物制剂，甚至包括改变免疫系统活动的静脉注射用免疫球蛋白。

If the underlying cause of the acute tubular necrosis is addressed, people can recover, because tubular cells can typically regenerate over the course of a few weeks.

如果急性肾小管死的根本原因被解决，患者康复，因为肾小管细胞通常在几周后再生。