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The dorsoventral polarity of Drosophila egg is established by means of signaling between the germ line-derived oocyte and the surrounding somatic follicle cells.

果蝇胚胎的发育是由统,分别控制头尾部、前部、后部以及背腹部的成。

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Objective To investigate the relationship between the first polar body morphology of oocyte and the zygote morphology in pronucleus stage, embryo quality in cleavage stage.

目的探讨细胞第一极体原核期受精态、裂期胚胎质量的关

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Conclusion The electrofusion efficiency may he improved by inserting more somatic cells into PVS when the somatic cells have a low electrofusion efficiency with oocytes.

结论低融合效率的体细胞细胞电融合时可通过增加PVS中体细胞的数目来提高融合效率。

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The secondary oocyte now divides again into two new cells of unequal size: a relatively large ootid (mature egg cell) and a minute second polar body.

此时,次级细胞又分裂成两个大小不对等的新细胞:一个相对很大的子(成熟细胞)和一个微小的次级极体。

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双语版 TED-Ed 演讲精选

The tiny oocyte moves along the fallopian tube.

微小的母细胞沿输管运动。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

The primary oocyte has 46 chromosomes, but eventually it has to turn into a gamete with only 23 chromosomes.

母细胞有46体,但是最终会变成只有23体的配子。

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Osmosis-生殖

And, each follicle is made up of a germ cell, also known as an oocyte, which is the immature egg.

每一个泡都由一个生殖细胞组成,也就是母细胞,就是未成熟的子。

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TED-Ed(视频版)

This inner machinery includes two ovaries stocked with thousands of tiny sacks called follicles that each contain one oocyte, an unfertilized egg cell.

这套内部机制包含两个巢,巢内存有成千上万的微小袋子,泡,每个泡内都含有一个母细胞,即未受精细胞。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

Meanwhile, the primordial follicle turns into a primary follicle, meaning that the follicular cells that surrounding the primary oocyte develop into granulosa cells.

与此同时,包围母细胞的滤泡细胞分化为颗粒细胞,使始基泡变为泡。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

Each primordial follicle has a single immature sex cell called the primary oocyte at the core, and a layer of follicular cells surrounds this.

每一个始基泡中心都有一个未成熟的生殖细胞,母细胞,被泡细胞包裹。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

These two phases are separated by ovulation, which is when the follicle ruptures and releases an oocyte that is ready to be fertilized.

这两个阶段被排分开,排即:母细胞被泡排出,准备好受精。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

After ovulation, the secondary oocyte makes a very quick journey through the peritoneal space and lands in the fallopian tube.

之后,次级母细胞会快速地通过腹膜,最后落入输管。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

The first stage lasts from infancy to puberty, and during this stage the primary oocyte remains stuck in the prophase step of meiosis 1.

第一阶段从婴儿期到青春期,母细胞还停留在第一次减数分裂的前期。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

The secondary oocyte stops in metaphase of meiosis 2, and waits for fertilization as the menstrual cycle transitions into the luteal phase.

次级泡会在第二次减数分裂中期停止分裂,并且在泡期向黄体期转换的时候等待受精。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

The first part is the fimbriae which are the finger-like projections that surround the ovary and guide the secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube.

首先经过的是输管的伞部,呈指状突起,包围着巢,并且可以引导次级母细胞进入输管。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

If fertilization occurs - meaning if a sperm meets the secondary oocyte - then the corpus luteum continues making progesterone until the placenta forms.

如果这时候受精,精子遇到次级母细胞,黄体会持续地分泌黄体酮,直到胎盘形成。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

To do this, the primary oocytes have to complete meiosis 1, and in a person's lifetime only about 400 successfully do that.

要变成配子就必须要经历第一次减数分裂,而一个人的一生中大概只有400个母细胞可以到。

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Osmosis-生殖

At ovulation, the oocyte is released into the fallopian tube, and the luteal phase begins - which lasts for the last 2 weeks of an average 28-day cycle.

时,母细胞被释放入输管,然后黄体期就开始了,它会占据月经周期的后两周。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

That's when the nearly 2 centimeter sized follicle ruptures and releases the tiny secondary oocyte into the fallopian tube.

此时将近2cm的泡破裂,向输管释放出次级泡。

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Osmosis-生殖

The fourth subtype is a dysgerminoma and it's made of germ cells that turn into oocytes, which is the normal pattern, but then they start to grow uncontrollably.

第四种亚型是无性细胞瘤,它是由转化为母细胞的生殖细胞组成,虽然这是正常发育模式,但之后它们开始增长失控。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

This triggers the primary oocyte within the dominant follicle to finally complete meiosis 1, and turn into a secondary oocyte, which has 23 chromosomes.

这使得优势泡里的母细胞最终完成第一次减数分裂,变成了有23体的次级母细胞。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

On the inside, the fallopian tubes have smooth muscle with an inner lining that has ciliated cells that slowly sweep the secondary oocyte or zygote towards the uterus.

管内是有纤毛细胞覆盖的平滑肌,这些纤毛可以缓慢地将次级母细胞或者受精向子宫运输。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

In a graafian follicle, a central cavity called the antrum forms within the follicle, and the granulosa cells secrete a nourishing fluid for the primary oocyte directly into that antrum.

格拉夫泡的中间会形成一个空腔泡腔,而颗粒细胞会为母细胞分泌营养液,直接排入泡腔。

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Osmosis-解剖与生理

In a secondary follicle, the primary oocyte is still in the prophase step of meiosis 1, but now the follicle has additional layers of granulosa cells, as well as theca cells.

次级泡中的母细胞还是停留在第一次减数分裂前期,而泡多了几层颗粒细胞,以及泡内膜细胞。

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