If osteoporosis is really advanced, teriparatide, a recombinant parathyroid hormone can be used.

如果骨质疏松十分严重，可以使用特立帕肽这种重组甲状旁腺激素治疗。

This affects the amount of parathyroid hormone that gets released by the parathyroid gland.

这从响甲状旁腺释放甲状旁腺激素的量。

Ok, now let's have a quick look at parathyroid hormone.

好，来看甲状旁腺的功能。

As calcium levels in the blood fall, parathyroid hormone is released, causing the bones to lose calcium.

随着血钙降低，甲状旁腺激素释放，导致溶骨作用。

It turns out, though, that parathyroid hormone also shuts this down.

不过，事实证明甲状旁腺激素也阻止这种反应。

Now, that calcium's still in the lumen, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

这时，钙仍在腔，甲状旁腺激素也响远曲小管，增加对钙的再吸收。

Additionally, parathyroid hormone can boost 1-alpha-hydroxylase activity, which forms more active vitamin D, increasing gut absorption of calcium.

此外，甲状旁腺激素可以增加1-α-羟化酶的活性，从形成更多有活性的维生素D，增加肠道对钙的吸收。

Now, that calcium's still in the lumen, though, but parathyroid hormone also affects the distal convoluted tubule and increases calcium reabsorption.

现在，钙仍在腔，甲状旁腺激素也响远曲小管增加钙的再吸收。

The main endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas and gonads.

主要的分泌腺为垂体、甲状腺、甲状旁腺、肾上腺、胰腺和性腺。

The amount of calcium and circulation is mainly regulated by two hormones parathyroid hormone(PTH) and calcitriol.

钙含量和循环主要受甲状旁腺激素（PTH）和骨化三醇两种激素调节。

PTH is produced in the parathyroid gland, while calcitriol is made in the kidney.

甲状旁腺产生甲状旁腺激素，肾脏产生骨化三醇。

The parathyroid glands are four masses of tissue, two embedded posterior in each lateral mass of the thyroid gland.

3。甲状旁腺有四个组织块，成对地嵌在甲状腺每个侧叶的后部。

The most common cause of hypocalcemia is PTH deficiency, resulting from decreased function of the parathyroid glands or hypoparathyroidism.

低钙血症最常见的原因甲状旁腺功能降低或甲状旁腺功能低下引起的PTH缺乏。

When the body's levels of extracellular calcium change, it's detected by a surface receptor in parathyroid cells called the calcium-sensing receptor.

当人体细胞外钙水平改变时，被甲状旁腺细胞中的一种表面受体钙敏感受体检测到。

Also, people with the genetic disease DiGeorge syndrome, often born with parathyroid glands that are too small and can't produce enough parathyroid hormone.

或由于患有DiGeorge综合症，生来甲状旁腺就太小，不能产生足够的甲状旁腺激素。

Now, even though parathyroid hormone stimulates bone resorption, it's been found that intermittent injections with teriparatide activates osteoblasts more than osteoclasts, therefore increasing bone formation.

其实，即使甲状旁腺激素刺激骨吸收，研究发现间歇性注射特立帕肽激活了更多造骨细胞非破骨细胞，从增强骨生长。

Lastly, parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption and reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the kidneys, so more phosphate is excreted through the urine.

最后，甲状旁腺激素可以促进肾脏对钙的重吸收，减少对磷酸盐的重吸收，因此导致尿磷升高。

Now, the levels of calcium and phosphate in the bone, but also in the blood, are regulated by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, or PTH.

钙和磷不仅存在于骨中，也存在于血液中，钙磷含量的调节受维生素D和甲状旁腺激素（PTH）调控。

To identify the cause, lab tests are typically done, which includes tests for parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, albumin, phosphorus, and magnesium.

为了确定病因，通常要做实验室检查，其中包括甲状旁腺激素、维生素D、白蛋白、磷和镁的检测。

Related to this is pseudohyporparathyroidism, which is where the kidneys simply don't respond to parathyroid hormone because of a genetic defect in the parathyroid hormone receptor.

与此相关的伪甲状旁腺功能减退症，也就由于甲状旁腺激素受体的基因缺陷，肾脏不对甲状旁腺激素作出反应。