That helps the phages, because their bacterial prey also accumulate in mucus, which is thus a rich hunting ground.

这有助于噬菌体，因为细菌侵染过程也是积聚在粘液中，这就为噬菌体提供了大量寄生宿主。

In the West, there have been successful phage trials for foot ulcers.

在西方，已经有成功噬菌体试验治疗足溃。

They only stop when the bacteria is filled up with brand-new phages.

直到整个细菌充满了新造好噬菌体。

" And those phages have cleared those little spaces."

噬菌体杀死了这些小小空白区域内细菌。

New therapeutic techniques like phages and vaccines face the same fundamental problem as traditional antibiotics: if they're working well, they're used just once, which makes it difficult to make money.

像噬菌体和疫苗这样新治疗技术面临着和传统抗生素一样困境：如果它们有效，那么使用一次就够了，制药司因此难以盈利。

If salmonella is present under the sticker, it gets snagged by the phage and makes the sticker a touch heavier—enough to change its vibration frequency.

如果沙门氏菌目前在贴纸下, 它会受到噬菌体阻碍，使贴纸变重从而改变其振动频率。

Dr Chen reckons that phages could in this way end up stealing up to a quarter of their host's genome.

陈博士认为噬菌体可以通过这种方式窃取四分之一宿主基因组。

Barr says the interaction between mucus and phage is constant. And there are health benefits when you have a cold.

巴尔说粘液和噬菌体之动是一直进行，当人患上感冒时会产生健康益处。

Phages are like guided missiles that only attack what they're supposed to.

而噬菌体则像是导弹一样，仅仅杀死那些该被杀死细菌。

Regardless of which type of membrane they looked at, Dr Barr and his colleagues found about four times more phages per bacterium in the mucus than were in its immediate surroundings.

Barr博士和他同事发现，无论在何种类型粘液中，每一个病菌对应噬菌体数量要比粘液附近其他组织里多四倍。

No trials are underway for more serious infections, but a successful phage treatment of a critically multiresistant-infected patient in California in 2017 under Food and Drug Administration emergency rules has more researchers in the U.S.looking to develop phage treatments.

目前还没有针对更严重感染试验，但根据美国食品和药物管理局紧急规定，2017年加州一名多重耐药性感染患者噬菌体治疗取得成功，这让美国有更多研究人员希望开发噬菌体治疗方法。

This is similar to the protein that the attacking phage uses as a signal to begin packing its DNA into newly produced phages.

这类似于攻击型噬菌体蛋白质，它会作为信号，开始将自身DNA打包到新产生噬菌体中。

Jeremy Barr says he hopes the research will bring forth new fields of phage research, even to help prevent food-borne outbreaks like E. coli.

杰里米·巴尔说他希望这项研究能推动噬菌体研究新领域发展，甚至帮助预防大肠杆菌等食源性疾病爆发。

The side touching the food is coated with phage E2, a virus engineered to stick only to Salmonella typhimurium bacteria.

触摸食物一边涂有噬菌体E2, 这是一种被研发成只会依附鼠伤寒沙门氏菌病毒。

Phages, viruses that attack bacteria but don't affect humans, are one promising new avenue to combat bacterial infections.

噬菌体，一种能攻击细菌但不感染人体病毒，是一个很有前景对抗细菌感染新途径。

But it turns out that phages, our tiny killer virus robots, could save us.

然而，小小病毒机器人噬菌体可能可以拯救我们。

" So we think that if we could use these phages and how they stick to mucosal surfaces and potentially protect against some of these food-borne outbreaks."

“所以我们认为，如果我们能使用这些噬菌体以及如何粘附在粘膜表面特点来预防一些食源性疾病爆发。”

That biochemical trick can cause new phages to be packaged not with viral DNA at all, but with long chunks of bacterial genome.

这种生化技巧可以导致新噬菌体完全不是用病毒DNA包装，而是用长段细菌基因组包装。

In phages, Dr Barr discovered, the various versions of Hoc stick to the varied branched sugar molecules characteristic of mucus.

Barr博士发现不同HOC蛋白与不同粘液特征性多糖分子支链相结合。

Several clinical trials of phage therapy have already been successfully conducted in Poland, the nation of Georgia and Bangladesh.

波兰、格鲁吉亚和孟加拉国已经成功地进行了若干噬菌体治疗临床试验。