Giuseppe Remuzzi is the director of the Mario Negri Institute for pharmacological research.

朱塞佩·雷穆齐是马里奥·内格里药理研究所主任。

Surgery can be done when pharmacological treatment is not effective, and the most common procedure is Nissen fundoplication, where the gastric fundus is wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter in order to make it tighter.

当药治疗无效时，可以进行手术，最常见的手术方法是Nissen胃底折叠术，指胃底包裹在食管下括约肌周围以使其更紧。

Dipyridamole is usually given intravenously for a pharmacological cardiac stress test, and the heart's response is observed on an electrocardiogram, or ECG, to diagnose cardiac ischemia.

通常我们会在药负荷试验中静脉给予双嘧达莫，之后在电图上观察的反应，以此来诊断肌缺血。

The concept to explore here is called " pharmacological extinction, " but before we get into that, let's talk about pesto.

有一个医学概念叫“药理灭绝”，在讨论这一话题之前，我们先来蒜沙司（pesto）这种食品。

That is useful information, for it suggests where a pharmacological assault on the disease might best be directed.

这是很有价值的信息，能判断在里用药才能直达病灶。

Coronary steal syndrome is a finding observed during a pharmacological cardiac stress test, which is used to diagnose coronary artery disease.

冠状动脉窃血综合征是在一次药负荷试验中被发现的；该类试验本用于诊断冠状动脉疾病。

However, Dr. David Sinclair, the person who this method has been credited to, refers to it as pharmacological extinction.

不过，该方法的发明者——David Sinclair 博士——将这种方法称为“药理灭绝”。

According to the book, it takes on average 3 to 4 months for an alcoholic or alcohol-dependent person to lose their dependence on alcohol through this pharmacological extinction method.

该书称，采用“药理灭绝”疗法，酗酒或酒精成瘾患者平均只需要 3-4 个月的时间，即可摆脱对酒精的依赖。

Coronary steal syndrome is diagnosed when the electrocardiogram shows an ST-segment depression during a pharmacological cardiac stress test.

冠状动脉窃血综合征，通常在药负荷试验过程中电图上出现ST段压低时作出诊断。

Amazingly, this pharmacological extinction method has been shown to be very effective with alcohol.

令人吃惊的是，“药理灭绝”法用来治疗酒精上瘾也非常有效。

Funding is readily available to research pharmacological solutions.

资金很容易获得，用于研究药解决方案。

Yes, I wasn't exposed to the, you know, sort of the biomedical slash pharmacological aspects of psychiatry at that point because I didn't, I dropped out of that whole idea of pre-med that I never even found out about that until much later.

是的，我当时并没有接触到精神病学中的生医学和药理学方面，因为我放弃了预科医学的想法，直到后来才了解到这些。

So the whole purpose of doing this study was really to systematically gather all the treatments that are out there, studied in the literature, both pharmacological and conservative, looking, I want to emphasize, only at one outcome, which is pain.

因此，进行这项研究的主要目的， 实际上是为了系统地收集所有现有的治疗方法，这些方法在文献中已有研究， 包括药治疗和保守治疗，我特别想强调的是， 我们只关注一个结果，那就是疼痛。 无论是减轻还是加剧， 这都是我们通常会集中关注的方面。

Potentially, but from the pharmacological level, I think that there is actually reason to believe that those compounds in that class are protective of developing or, you know, help with healing from the damage done by compulsive alcohol use.

有可能，但从药理学角度来看，我认为有理由相信这一类化合确实具有预防发展或帮助修复强迫性酒精使用所造成损害的保护作用。

The paper that I'm referring to now is a systematic review and network meta-analysis of topical, pharmacological, oropharmacological, physical, and combined treatments for acne vulgaris, which is the technical name for acne.

我目前所提及的论文是对寻常痤疮（即痤疮的学名）的各种治疗方法进行的一项系统综述和网络荟萃分析，这些方法包括局部治疗、药治疗、口服药治疗、理治疗以及综合治疗。

The mechanisms underlying the effects of psychedelics for OCD are unclear, with hypotheses including their acute pharmacological effects, changes in neuroplasticity, and resting state neural networks and their psychological effects.

迷幻药对强迫症作用的机制尚不明确，相关假包括其急性药理作用、神经可塑性及静息态神经网络的变化，以及理层面的影响。

And when you think about it, it's like the, isn't it the one, if one, if not the most powerful and consistent pharmacological effects is the placebo effect.

仔细想想，最强大且持续的药理作用之一不就是安慰剂效应吗？

As Beecher puts it at the top of his paper, placebos were used to distinguish pharmacological effects from the effects of suggestion.

正如比彻在论文开头所言，安慰剂被用来区分药效应与暗示效应。

The presence of this brain has  made planarians a useful model organism for scientists studying different  drugs, like in pharmacological studies.

这个大脑的存在使得扁虫成为科学家研究不同药，如药理学研究中的有用模型生。

You have young impressionable populations talking about ways to regulate their appetite using effectively pharmacological efforts as opposed to self-initiated ones.

你有年轻易受影响的群体在讨论如何通过有效的药手段而不是自我发起的方式来调节食欲。