Once he has been accepted, Dr Kaufman and his colleagues start chipping away at the language's phonology (the sounds of which it is composed) and its syntax (how its meaning is changed by the order of words and phrases).

一旦他被录用，考夫曼博士及其同事就开始不断研究那种语言音位（即组成这个体系各种发音）句法（其词汇短语次序如何改变意思）。

I can look at phonetics and phonology — speech sounds.

我可以研究语音音韵——还有语音。

Research has found explicit support and instruction in areas like phonology, syntax, and spelling can lead to success for dyslexic learners.

研究发现，在音韵、语法拼写等方面明确指导可以帮助失读症习者取得成功。

Nevertheless, semantics remains the least known area in linguistics, compared with phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax.

然而，跟语音、音系、形态、句法相比，语义仍然是语言中最不为人知领域。

For example, our hearing tunes into the phonology, the sounds, of the languages we speak.

例如，我觉会适应我所说语言音韵，也就是那些声音。

It's coming from a field called paralanguage or paralinguistics, which sort of deals with  anything and everything alongside linguistics that colors kind of what we're saying, but  that isn't words, and that isn't grammar, and that isn't phonology.

它来自一个叫做副语言或副语言领域，它与语言一起处理任何事情， 这些语言为我所说内容增添了色彩，但那不是单词， 不是语法，也不是音韵。

And what we had spoken about was--We first talked about universals of language, then moved to some detail about the different aspects of language including phonology, morphology, and syntax.

我所讨论是——我首先讨论了语言共性，然后讨论了语言不同方面一些细节，包括音韵、形态句法。

Yeah i think for instance is that you know many species are changing distributions and they're changing also their phonology.

是，我认为例如，你知道许多物种正在改变它分布，它也在改变它生命周期。

Unless you think it'll be more worthwhile for me to do the phonology course?

除非你觉得我上音韵课更值得？

Theoretical Linguistics is the analysis of language structure focusing on analysis of the sound patterns of language (phonology), the structure of words (morphology), the structure of sentences (syntax), and the interpretation of words and sentences(semantics).

理论语言是对语言结构分析，重点分析语言声音模式（音系）、词语结构（形态）、句子结构（句法）以及词语句子解释（语义）。

So in the next lecture, we will move on to phonetics and phonology.

所以在下一节课中，我将进入语音音系。

Firstly, a word can stand alone in the sense of phonology, as a word represents a phonological domain within which pauses will not fall.

以英语单词为例。首先，从音系角度来看，一个词可以独立存在，因为一个词代表一个不会有停顿音系领域。

The differences between phonologies of Ket and different Nadeneh languages is pretty big, and I mean, we're talking about thousands of years here after all.

凯特语不同纳德内语音系之间差异相当大，我意思是， 毕竟我谈论是几千年历史。

As Trubetzkoy, in his Principles of Phonology(1939), argued phonetics belonged to " parole" whereas phonology belonged to " langue" .

正如特鲁别茨科伊在他《音系原理》（1939）中所说，语音属于“言语” ，而音系属于“语言” 。

But what you don't find in any real sense is phonology, morphology, syntax, combinatorial systems or arbitrary names.

但你找不到任何真正意义上音韵、形态、句法、组合系统或任意名称。

In phonology, the corresponding sounds made with these parts of the tongue are often referred to as CORONAL (tip and blade), DORSAL (front and back) and RADICAL (root).

口腔下部包括下唇、下齿、舌下颌 (下颚)。在语音里，舌分成五个部分：舌尖、舌叶、舌前、舌后舌根。在音系中，一般依据发音所涉及舌位分为三类：舌冠音 (舌尖、舌叶)，舌背音 (舌前、舌后) 舌根音 (舌根)。

Overall, English has something like, I think, 45 different  sounds in our phonology, depending on your accent.

总体来说，英语有大约45个不同音素，这取决于你口音。

The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology.

布拉格派因其对音系贡献以及语音与音系之间区别而闻名并被人铭记。

Phonology: AAVE has distinct phonological features, such as the substitution of " th" sounds with " f" or " v" sounds, and the pronunciation of final consonants.

音系：AAVE具有明显音系特征，例如“th” 音被“f” 或“v”音替代，以及最后辅音发音。

On the analogy of distinctive features in phonology, some linguists suggest that there are SEMANTIC FEATURES, or SEMANTIC COMPONENTS.

根据音系中区别特征，一些语言家建议也应设语义特征（Semantic Feature），或叫语义成分（Sematic Component）。