Sequence alignment, building phylogenetic trees to look at evolutionary relationships.

序列排列，建立系统发育树来观察进化关系。

The next branch on the phylogenetic tree is liverworts.

系统发育树上的下一个分支是苔植物。

DrSicoli thus turned to computational phylogenetic analysis, an area of linguistic research that tries to work out whether and how such interaction may have taken place.

因此，西里科利斯转向利用计算系统分析，一个试图找出语言如何相互交流的研究领域。

The team obtained the first chromosome-level nonhuman primate genome and developed the phylogenetic relationship to understand the evolutionary process of social systems in Asian colobines, according to a release from the university.

根据该大学的一份新闻稿，该团队获得第一个染色体水平的非人灵长物基因组，并发展系统发育关系，亚洲叶猴社会系统的进化过程。

Studying homologous and analogous traits, evolutionary history, and other relationships among living things is called phylogenetics.

研究生物之间的同源和征、进化史和其他关系被称为系统遗传学。

We can get a feel for how these plant types came to be by referring to the plant kingdom's phylogenetic tree, a diagram that shows us how organisms evolved over time.

我们可通过参考植物界的系统发育树来这些植物型是如何形成的，这张图向我们展示生物体是如何随着时间进化的。

Keeping track of who's related to who can get messy, so we study animal relationships using a diagram called a phylogeny or a phylogenetic tree.

记录谁与谁是有关系的会变得很混乱，因此我们利用一个图示来研究物的关系，那就是系统发生树，或进化树。

And so this is a phylogenetic tree of vertebrates.

这是一棵脊椎物的系统发育树。

And honestly, he did have phylogenetic ideas in some of his papers, no question.

坦白说，他在一些论文中确实提出系统发育的观点，这是毋庸置疑的。

What do you mean by a phylogenetic toolkit?

你所说的“系统发育工具箱”是什么意思？

So we took this information of temperature and precipitation to reconstruct the type of climate and then we extracted this type of climate from the locations that we reconstructed with this phylogenetic method.

于是我们将温度和降水数据结合起来，重建当时的气候型，然后通过系统发育方法重建的地点中提取这种气候型。

They've applied what I've described as the phylogenetic approach to myths, comparing these elements and working out how they are related to each other and how they might have evolved.

他们采用我所说的神话系统发育方法，比较这些元素， 并推算出它们彼此之间的关系及它们可能的演变过程。

This is called phylogenetic bracketing -- using the presence of traits across related species to make an educated guess where those traits might occur.

这被称为系统发育夹带——利用相关物种中征的存在来推测这些征可能出现在哪里。

When the fossil evidence didn't have all the answers, the team used a scientific technique known as phylogenetic bracketing.

当化石证据不能提供所有答案时，该团队使用一种称为系统发育括号法的科学技术。

And based on these haplogroups, they used mathematical models to come up with an evolutionary, or phylogenetic, tree.

并且基于这些单倍群，他们使用数学模型构建一个进化树， 或者说系统发育树。

Phylogenetic analyses work best when there are lots and lots of characters.

当有很多字符时，系统发育分析最有效。

Most work was still done in the natural history mode, which emphasized morphological and phylogenetic analysis over experiment-based causal explanations.

大部分工作仍在自然历史模式下进行，这种模式强调形态学和系统发生分析，而不是基于实验的因果释。

So that's phylogenetics and I hope that's helpful.

所这就是系统发育学，希望对你有帮助。

Yes, extant crocodiles are their closest living cousins, but there's a lot of extinct diversity in there, a lot going on, and phylogenetics is what helped us untangle all of those complex relationships.

是的，现存的鳄鱼是它们最近的活体亲戚，但其中还存在大量已灭绝的多样性，各种演化关系错综复杂，而系统发育学帮助我们理清这些复杂的亲缘关系。

The hypothesis was plausible, but to  test if the timing actually matched up, the researchers then performed  a phylogenetic analysis.

该假设是合理的， 但为测试时间是否确实吻合，研究人员随后进行系统发育分析。