Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称为质粒的DNA小交换。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了包含在拟核中的遗传物质外，许多菌含有额外的DNA分子，称为质粒。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过质粒通常包含赋予菌选择性优势的基因，例如抗生素耐药性。

They also have extra little tiny loops called plasmids.

它们还具有额外的小，称为质粒。

These plasmids are small double-stranded DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosome and they can be circular or linear.

它们是双链的DNA小分子，可以独立于菌染色体（拟核）而存在，可以是状或线状的。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

然后们将质粒放入活菌或酵母中。

And that's usually through the transfer of a plasmid.

而这通常通过质粒的转移实现。

The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.

质粒进入胞并在胞内繁殖， 然后可以转移到胞中。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本质上，这些质粒是在不同菌物种之间转移抗生素抗性基因的载体。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种质粒突变之前在地方出现过；在中国，出现在一些动物和类患者身上。

And so a plasmid, remember this would be the chromosomal DNA. This would be the chromosome of the bacteria.

因此，质粒，记住这将是染色体DNA。这将是菌的染色体。

Transfer of the ligated plasmid into an E. coli strain (transformation).

7。转化成功的菌的筛选。

This one has the fertility plasmid.

这个有生育质粒。

It has the fertility plasmid and it can pass that on.

它具有 fertility 质粒，并且可以将传递下去。

We're just transferring that DNA, that plasmid from one to another.

我们只是将DNA，即质粒，从一个转移到另一个。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

质粒所含的基因相对较少，并且它们的基因对菌来说并不是必须的，缺少质粒的胞往往也可以正常生长。

This one had cell culture and transfections, antibodies, plasmids, recombinant virus production and infection, and so on and so forth.

这个有胞培养和转染、抗体、质粒、重组病毒生产和感染等等。

But a plasmid is another little bit of auxiliary DNA. In this case we are talking about the fertility plasmid.

但质粒是另一种辅助DNA。在这种情况下，我们谈论的是生育质粒。

The cDNAs had to be linked to prokaryotic transcription and translation signals and inserted into multicopy plasmids.

然而，占总蛋白30%的过量表达的蛋白质是沉淀或不溶的形式并且缺少翻译后修饰。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这还是第一次在美国发现这种质粒，它可能会迅速传播开来。