Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids.

一些基因会通过被称为质粒DNA小环交换。

Additionally to the genetic material contained within the nucleoid, many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA molecules called plasmids.

除了在拟核中遗传物质外，许多细菌有额外DNA分子，称为质粒。

However, plasmids often contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium such as resistance to antibiotics.

不过质粒通常予细菌选择性优势基因，例如抗生素耐药性。

These plasmids are small double-stranded DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosome and they can be circular or linear.

它们是双链DNA小分子，可以独立于细菌染色体（拟核）而存在，可以是环状或线状。

Then they dropped the plasmid into a living bacterium, or yeast.

后他们将质粒放入活细菌或酵母中。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此，从本质上讲，这些质粒是在不同细菌物种之间转移抗生素抗性基因载体。

Transfer of the ligated plasmid into an E. coli strain (transformation).

7。转化细菌筛选。

This plasmid mutation has been seen in other places before; in China, in animals and some human patients.

这种质粒突变以前在其他地方也见过；在中国，在动物和一些人类患者中。

The cDNAs had to be linked to prokaryotic transcription and translation signals and inserted into multicopy plasmids.

而，占总蛋白30%过量表达蛋白质是沉淀或不溶形式并且缺少翻译后修饰。

The plasmid enters and multiplies itself within a cell and can then be transferred to others.

质粒进入细胞并在细胞内繁殖， 后可以转移到其他细胞中。

Plasmids have relatively few genes and their genetic information is not essential to the bacterium and cells that lack them usually function normally.

质粒所基因相对较少，并且它们基因对细菌来说并不是必须，缺少质粒细胞往往也可以正常生长。

More specialized vectors have been engineered to use aspects of plasmids and bacteriophages, such as the plasmid-bacteriophage h hybrids known as cosmids

质粒和噬菌体已经在很多种类细菌中被使用来表达基因，并且一些噬菌体也许已经被用来将DNA整合到宿主基因组上。

But this is the first time the plasmid has been found in the United States, and it could get passed around quickly.

但这是第一次在美国发现这种质粒，它可能会很快传播开来。

Or, in plain english, plasmids are part of the reason that, one day, antibiotics may not be able to help your strep throat anymore.

或者，用简单英语来说，质粒是有一天抗生素可能无法再帮助您治疗链球菌性咽喉炎部分原因。

I did all these experiments actually, with my own hands, I was 58 years old, I was still culturing plasmids and feeding cells, so it is very unlikely.

实际上，所有这些实验都是我亲手做，当时我 58 岁，我还在培养质粒和喂养细胞，所以这是非常不可能。

Phage h can be used to clone fragments larger than plasmid vectors, and phage M13 allows cloned DNA to be isolated in single-stranded form.

更多载体被改造能同时拥有质粒和噬菌体一些特性，像被称为粘粒质粒-噬菌体λ杂交体。

The cytoplasm contains ribosomes which are the site of protein synthesis, the nucleoid which contains the genetic material, and plasmids which contain genes that confer a selective advantage to the bacterium.

细胞质中有核糖体，它们是蛋白质合部位；拟核有遗传物质以及质粒；质粒有予细菌选择性优势基因。

And the thing that makes this mutation especially troubling is that it was found on a plasmid -- a little piece of DNA that can be easily shared between neighboring bacteria, meaning it can spread more easily.

让这种突变特别麻烦是它是在质粒上发现——一小段 DNA 可以很容易地在相邻细菌之间共享，这意味着它可以更容易地传播。