Now causes of portal hypertension can be classified as pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic or post-hepatic, depending on where the obstruction is.

而脉高压症的原因可以被分为前型、内型和后性，这阻塞的部位。

In fact, portal hypertension is the most common cause of esophageal varices.

其实脉高压症是食管脉曲张最常见的原因。

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis.

脉高压症的最常见原因是硬。

When this happens, venous blood accumulates in the hepatic portal system, causing pressure to rise above 12 mmHg, which defines portal hypertension.

当这种情况发生时，脉血会在脉系统里蓄积，导致压力上升到12mHg以上，这就是脉高压症的定义。

Portal hypertension can also cause blood to back up into the spleen causing congestive splenomegaly, meaning the enlarged spleen.

脉高压症还能导致血液向脾脏回流，造成充血性脾肿大，即扩大的脾。

Another consequence of portal hypertension is that the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels release more nitric oxide.

脉高压症的另一种后果是血管内皮细胞会释放更多的一氧氮。

All right, as a quick recap, portal hypertension is when the pressure in the hepatic portal system is greater than 12 mmHg.

得！快速回顾一下：脉高压症是指系统压力大12mmHg。

Portal hypertension leads to the formation of Portosystemic shunts, which is when blood is diverted away from the portal venous system and backs up into the systemic veins.

脉高压症可导致脉-体脉系统分流的形成，即血液从脉系统转向分流，回到了体脉系统。

The features of portal hypertension can be remembered as ABCDE, where A stands for Ascites, B for Bleeding, C for Caput Medusae, D for Diminished liver function, and E for Enlarged spleen.

脉高压症的特点可以用ABCDE来记：A指的是腹水，B是流血，C是海蛇头，D指功能下降，E指脾脏肿大。

As the central veins and sinusoids become compressed and push on the fluid inside, their pressure starts to build up, leading to intrasinusoidal (or portal) hypertension, which is this higher pressure in the portal veins.

中央脉和血窦的受压导致它们中间的液体也受到挤压，导致脉高压，即脉的压力升高。

And so that's one part of it is that your liver, portal hypertension plus synthetic dysfunction, plus the other thing is what triggers HRS is like the company it keeps, so to speak.

所以其中一部分是，你的脏存在脉高压和合成功能障碍，而触发HRS的另一个因素则类似它“身边的伙伴”，打个比方就是这样。

So because we have the portal hypertension physiology, so we know we have a very hard liver for the most part, we have portal hypertension, and that comes with all of this bacterial translocation, predisposition to infections.

由我们存在脉高压的病理生理机制，因此大部分情况下脏都非常坚硬，伴有脉高压，而脉高压又会引发细菌移位，使患者易发生感染。

The gold standard for determining if there is portal hypertension is obtaining a hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement where a catheter is inserted inside the inferior vena cava and then inside the portal vein to measure the difference between both pressures.

确定是否存在脉高压症的金标准是测量脉压力梯度，即将导管先后插入下腔脉、脉内测量两个压力之间的差异。